scholarly journals Quantifying Evolution of Short and Long-Range Correlations in Chinese Narrative Texts across 2000 Years

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Chen ◽  
Haitao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Social

We investigate how short and long-range word length correlations evolve in Chinese narrative texts. The results show that, for short-range word length correlations, no significant linear evolutionary trend was found. But for long-range correlations, there are two opposite tendencies for two different regimes: the Hurst exponent of small-scale (box size n ranges from 10 to 100) word length correlations decreases over time, and the exponent of large-scale (box size n ranges from 101 to 1000) shows an increasing tendency. The increase of word length is corroborated as an essential regularity of word evolution in written Chinese. Further analyses show that a significant correlation coefficient is obtained between Hurst exponents from the small-scale correlations and mean word length across time. These indicate that word length correlation evolution possesses different self-adaptive mechanisms in terms of different scales of distances between words. We speculate that the increase of word length and sentence length in written Chinese may account for this phenomenon, in terms of both the social-cultural aspects and the self-adapting properties of language structures.

Improving unsustainable livelihood through marketing interventions

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Subhojit Banerjee ◽  
Anuj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Secondary Survey ◽  
Initial Survey

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe an initiative to improve the daily earnings of a rickshaw puller by training them to retail branded FMCG products based on a “bulk buying retail selling” model. The paper is based on the findings of a survey conducted 112 rickshaw pullers in a semi-urban district of eastern India. It also dwells on the business of rickshaw pulling and the socio-economic status of the rickshaw puller. Critical issues related to the sustainability and the future of such interventions on a large scale has also been discussed. Design/methodology/approach – An initial survey of 112 rickshaw pullers was done using a structured schedule that captured data related to age, literacy level, earnings per day, ownership and working hours. Some additional aspects related to socio-cultural aspects were also collected as an unstructured interview. A secondary survey from 107 respondents representing different sections of the society who frequently use rickshaw as a means for transport was also done to take an opinion on intervention issues. Findings – Findings of the paper suggest that rickshaw pullers have three distinct strategic advantages of literacy, access and mobility, which makes them a potent resource for marketing intervention. Research limitations/implications – The paper reflects on a systematic intervention plan that can change the socio-economic pattern of rickshaw pulling. A possibility of contributory roles from garage owners and wholesellers is also explored. The proposed scheme may also bail-out the small-scale industries and handicraft businesses in villages. Major limitations of the research are long-term sustainability and large-scale implementation of the proposed model. Practical implications – The paper can act as a manual for small entrepreneurs and NGOs working in the social-development area for implementing schemes targeted at rickshaw pullers. The paper also has valuable points for the consideration of policy makers. Originality/value – The research has given insights in to the livelihood aspect of one of the most essential but neglected modes of transport, i.e. rickshaw pulling. The paper has also identified key strengths that rickshaw pulling has, which otherwise is considered purely physical and low-skilled job.

Simple examples with features of renormalization for turbulent transport

1994 ◽  
Vol 346 (1679) ◽  
pp. 205-233 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Gaussian White Noise ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Turbulent Velocity ◽  
Effective Equation ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Velocity Statistics ◽  
Limiting Case

Two simple exactly solvable models for turbulent transport are introduced and discussed here with complete mathematical rigour. These models illustrate several different facets of super-diffusion and renormalization for turbulent transport. The first model involves time dependent velocity fields with suitable long-range correlations and the complete renormalization theory is developed here in detail. In addition rigorous examples are developed by using variants of this model where the effective equation for the ensemble average at large scales and long times is diffusive despite the fact that each realization exhibits catastrophic large-scale instability. The second model introduced previously by the authors involves transport-diffusion in simple shear layers with turbulent velocity statistics. The theories of renormalized eddy diffusivity and higher-order statistics are surveyed here. An extreme limiting case of the theory involving turbulent velocity statistics with long-range spatial correlations but gaussian white noise in time is discussed in detail. Both the renormalized theory of eddy diffusivity and exact explicit equations for second-order correlations related to the pair distance function are developed in complete detail here in this instructive limiting case.

scholarly journals Impact of Japanese Post-Disaster Temporary Housing Areas’ (THAs) Design on Mental and Social Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bris ◽  
Bendito
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Temporary Housing ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post Disaster

The phenomenon named kodokushi, meaning death alone without the care or company of anyone inside temporary housing, appeared after the Kobe earthquake in Japan in 1995 with some 250 cases. This paper analyzes the evolution of Japanese temporary houses—to attempt to prevent the problem of kodokushi—from the point of view of management, how services and activities are organized, and design. We will use case studies as our methodological tool, analyzing the responses in 1995 Kobe (50,000 THs), 2004 Chūetsu (3000 THs), 2011 Tōhoku (50,000 THs), and 2016 Kumamoto (4000 THs). This article shows how the Japanese THAs follow a single design that has undergone very little variation in the last 25 years, a design which promotes the social isolation of their residents, making recovery—from the psychological perspective—and helping the most vulnerable members of society, more difficult. In small scale disasters (Chūetsu) applying organization and management measures was able to correct the problems caused by design and there were no cases of kodokushi: in large-scale disasters (Tōhoku), however, the difficulties to implement the same measures resulted in the reappearance of new cases at rates similar to Kobe’s. Our main conclusion is that the design of Japanese THAs must be reconsidered and changed to respond to the real needs of the most vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals Hard paths, soft paths or no paths? Cross-cultural perceptions of water solutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wutich ◽  
A. C. White ◽  
D. D. White ◽  
K. L. Larson ◽  
A. Brewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Perceptions ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract. In this study, we examine how development status and water scarcity shape people's perceptions of "hard path" and "soft path" water solutions. Based on ethnographic research conducted in four semi-rural/peri-urban sites (in Bolivia, Fiji, New Zealand, and the US), we use content analysis to conduct statistical and thematic comparisons of interview data. Our results indicate clear differences associated with development status and, to a lesser extent, water scarcity. People in the two less developed sites were more likely to suggest hard path solutions, less likely to suggest soft path solutions, and more likely to see no path to solutions than people in the more developed sites. Thematically, people in the two less developed sites envisioned solutions that involve small-scale water infrastructure and decentralized, community-based solutions, while people in the more developed sites envisioned solutions that involve large-scale infrastructure and centralized, regulatory water solutions. People in the two water-scarce sites were less likely to suggest soft path solutions and more likely to see no path to solutions (but no more likely to suggest hard path solutions) than people in the water-rich sites. Thematically, people in the two water-rich sites seemed to perceive a wider array of unrealized potential soft path solutions than those in the water-scarce sites. On balance, our findings are encouraging in that they indicate that people are receptive to soft path solutions in a range of sites, even those with limited financial or water resources. Our research points to the need for more studies that investigate the social feasibility of soft path water solutions, particularly in sites with significant financial and natural resource constraints.

ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF LONG-RANGE CORRELATIONS IN CURVED SPACE

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (08) ◽  
pp. 1211-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALI REZA MEHRABI ◽  
MUHAMMAD SAHIMI
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Amorphous Semiconductors ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Planar Surfaces ◽  
Positively Curved ◽  
Industrial Problem

Numerical simulation and analysis of long-range correlations in curved space are studied. The study is motivated by the problem of constructing accurate models of large-scale porous media which usually contain long-range correlations in their various properties (such as their permeability, porosity, and elastic moduli) within and between their strata that are typically curved layers. The problem is, however, relevant to many other important models and phenomena in which extended correlations in curved space play a prominent role. Examples include the nonlinear σ-model in a curved space, models for describing the long-range structural correlations of amorphous semiconductors that consist of polytopes (tilings of positively-curved three-dimensional space), long-range correlations in the extrapolar total zone, and models in which the Universe is created by bubble nucleations and contain long-range correlations in the fluctuations in the curved spacetime. The study is also relevant to the important industrial problem of designing highly curved objects, such as cars and ships, which use composite materials that contain extended correlations in their property values. We study such correlations along two- and three-dimensional curves, as well as curved surfaces. We show that such correlations are well-defined only on developable surfaces, i.e. those that can be flattened to form planar surfaces without any stretching or distortion, and preserve the distance between two points on such surfaces after the stretching. If a given curved surface is not developable, but can be approximated as piecewise developable, one may still define and analyze extended correlations on it. Representative examples are presented and analyzed.

scholarly journals A nonextensive entropy path to probability distributions in solar wind turbulence

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Leubner ◽  
Z. Vörös
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Scale Dependence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Turbulent Fluctuations ◽  
Long Range Interactions

Abstract. The observed scale dependence of the probability distributions of the differences of characteristic solar wind variables is analyzed. Intermittency of the turbulent fluctuations at small-scale spatial separations is accompanied by strongly non-Gaussian distributions that turn into a normal distribution for large-scale separation. Conventional theoretical models are subject to insufficient physical justification since nonlocality in turbulence should be based on long-range interactions, provided recently by the bi-kappa distribution in the context of nonextensive thermo-statistics. Observed WIND and ACE probability distributions are accurately reproduced for different time lags by the one-parameter bi-kappa functional, a core-halo convolution, where kappa measures the degree of nonlocality or nonextensivity in the system. Gradual decoupling is obtained by enhancing the spatial separation scale corresponding to increasing kappa values, where a Gaussian is approached for infinite kappa. Consequently, long-range interactions introduced on the fundamental level of entropy generalization, are able to provide physically the source of the observed scale dependence of the turbulent fluctuations in the intermittent interplanetary medium.

Long-range correlations and burstiness in written texts: Universal and language-specific aspects

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 1541005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilios Constantoudis ◽  
Maria Kalimeri ◽  
Fotis Diakonos ◽  
Konstantinos Karamanos ◽  
Constantinos Papadimitriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
The Impact

Recently, methods from the statistical physics of complex systems have been applied successfully to identify universal features in the long-range correlations (LRCs) of written texts. However, in real texts, these universal features are being intermingled with language-specific influences. This paper aims at the characterization and further understanding of the interplay between universal and language-specific effects on the LRCs in texts. To this end, we apply the language-sensitive mapping of written texts to word-length series (wls) and analyse large parallel (of same content) corpora from 10 languages classified to four families (Romanic, Germanic, Greek and Uralic). The autocorrelation functions of the wls reveal tiny but persistent LRCs decaying at large scales following a power-law with a language-independent exponent [Formula: see text]0.60–0.65. The impact of language is displayed in the amplitude of correlations where a relative standard deviation [Formula: see text]40% among the analyzed languages is observed. The classification to language families seems to play a significant role since, the Finnish and Germanic languages exhibit more correlations than the Greek and Roman families. To reveal the origins of the LRCs, we focus on the long words and perform burst and correlation analysis in their positions along the corpora. We find that the universal features are linked more to the correlations of the inter-long word distances while the language-specific aspects are related more to their distributions.

scholarly journals Hard paths, soft paths or no paths? Cross-cultural perceptions of water solutions

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 7809-7835 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wutich ◽  
A. C. White ◽  
C. M. Roberts ◽  
D. D. White ◽  
K. L. Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Perceptions ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract. In this study, we examine how development status and water scarcity shape people's perceptions of "hard path" and "soft path" water solutions. Based on ethnographic research conducted in four semi-rural/peri-urban sites (in Bolivia, Fiji, New Zealand, and the US), we use content analysis to conduct statistical and thematic comparisons of interview data. Our results indicate clear differences based on development status and, to a lesser extent, water scarcity. People in less developed sites were more likely to suggest hard path solutions, less likely to suggest soft path solutions, and more likely to see no path to solutions than people in more developed sites. Thematically, people in less developed sites envisioned solutions that involve small-scale water infrastructure and decentralized, community based solutions, while people in more developed sites envisioned solutions that involve large-scale infrastructure and centralized, regulatory water solutions. People in water-scarce sites were less likely to suggest soft path solutions and more likely to see no path to solutions (but no more likely to suggest hard path solutions) than people in water-rich sites. Thematically, people in water-rich sites seemed to perceive a wider array of unrealized potential soft path solutions than those in water-scarce sites. On balance, our findings are encouraging in that they indicate that people are receptive to soft path solutions in a range of sites, even those with limited financial or water resources. Our research points to the need for more studies that investigate the social feasibility of soft path water solutions, particularly in sites with significant financial and natural resource constraints.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Holes
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early History ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Early Occurrence

This chapter outlines the scholarly background of the study of Arabic historical dialectology, and addresses the following issues: the early history of Arabic: myth and reality; the definition and exemplification of ‘Middle Arabic’ and ‘Mixed Arabic through history’; evidence for the early occurrence of certain Arabic dialectal features; examples of substrates and borrowing in Arabic dialects; the dialect geography of Arabic and its typology, especially the ‘sedentary’ and ‘bedouin’ divide; how and why dialects have undergone change, large-scale and small-scale, and the causative social factors; a classification of the typology of internal linguistic change in Arabic; causes of the social indexicalization of dialectal features of Arabic; examples of the pidginization and creolization of Arabic, and the reasons for the apparent rarity of this phenomenon.

Multiscale analysis of the geomorphological characters of a guyot on the Caroline Ridge in West Pacific

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gan ◽  
Xiaochuan Ma ◽  
Zhendong Luan ◽  
Jun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Multifractal Strength ◽  
Bathymetric Data

<p>Many seamounts in the deep sea have been found and surveyed in detail in recent decades of years. However, these seamounts are mostly described qualitatively or with little quantitative analysis, which counts against deep understanding of the dynamic processes of the seafloor. Here, a recently-surveyed guyot on the Caroline ridge in West Pacific is reported and its geomorphology is documented in detail based on the high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) is firstly applied on the bathymetric data to investigate the multifractal features, and the cause of multifractality is also verified by analyzing shuffled and surrogate data. The shape of the multifractal spectrum is depicted by the width of the spectrum (<em>W</em>), the maximum singularity strength (<em>α<sub>0</sub></em>) and the degree of asymmetry (<em>B</em>). To examine distinctions between submarine seamounts and subaerial volcanic structures, the same method and statistical comparison have also been applied on DEMs of other seamounts adjoining the guyot, the SRTM 90m DEMs of 50 subaerial stratovolcanoes and the Mars MGS MOLA-MEX HRSC Blended 200m DEMs of 5 Martian volcanoes. In the guyot area, geomorphological units of the guyot can be recognized and classified into large-scale volcanic structures and small-scale erosive-depositional landforms. The result shows that the topography of the guyot has multifractal features and the multifractal strength (Δ<em>h</em>) differs spatially. Multifractality of the seafloor with the flat guyot top is mostly caused by the broad probability density function of the values of bathymetric data, while multifractality of the seafloor with highly-correlated small-scale landscapes (gullies and faults) by different long-range correlations of the small and large fluctuations. The guyot and other landforms with flat tops around are featured by higher maximum singularity strength (<em>α<sub>0</sub></em>). Areas with widely-distributed small-scale landforms and intense fluctuations in curvature values tend to have negative degrees of asymmetry (<em>B</em>). Moreover, two-sample unequal-variance t-test results show that Hurst exponents (<em>H</em>) and the multifractal strength (Δ<em>h</em>) of seamounts are generally lower than those of earth and Martian subaerial volcanoes, which implies that seamounts may have distinct fractal behaviors and multifractal features compared to their subaerial counterparts. The study presents a case of quantifying geomorphological characters and multiscale behaviors of seamounts in the deep-sea area, which could encourage more explorations for the morphologies and processes of the analogous structures in submarine, terrestrial or even planetary environments. Nevertheless, more detailed and comparative works are still needed to be done.</p>

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