The Effect of Iodine Status on the Risk of Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang, China

Objective. The aim of this study was to explore whether iodine nutrition is associated with the risk of thyroid nodules among adult population in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population aged 18 years or older. A total of 2,710 subjects received physical examination, questionnaires, and thyroid ultrasonography. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid hormone levels were measured and documented for each subject. 4 multiple logistic regression models adjusted for other risk factors were applied to analyze the association between iodine nutrition and thyroid nodules. Results. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 15.5% among all adults. As indicated by all 4 models, subjects with UIC varying from 200 μg l−1 to 399 μg l−1 had lower risk of thyroid nodules compared with those with relatively low UIC (<100 μg l−1), with approximately 37–57 percent reduction in risk. Moreover, subjects with UIC between 100 and 199 μg l−1 had a decreased risk of thyroid nodules in model 1 and 2 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58–0.97; OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58–0.97, respectively). However, there was no significant difference of risk in thyroid nodules between subjects with high UIC (≥400 μg l−1) and low UIC (<100 μg l−1). Furthermore, intake of iodized salt was inversely associated with risk of thyroid nodules, with approximately 69–77 percent reduction in risk. Conclusion. The relationship between UIC and the risk of thyroid nodules is U-shaped. Consumption of noniodized salt is an independent risk factor of thyroid nodules.

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Geographical influences on thyroid abnormalities in adult population from iodine-replete regions: a cross-sectional study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80248-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaofeng Wang ◽

Zhe Mo ◽

Guangming Mao ◽

Wenming Zhu ◽

Mingluan Xing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Adult Population ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Thyroid Abnormalities

AbstractThe studies on the increasing incidence of thyroid abnormalities are scarce. The aim of this current study was to ascertain the effects of geographical region on thyroid abnormalities under the context of universal salt iodization (USI). We randomly selected 1255 participants residing in inland and 1248 in coast, with the determination of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and functional and morphological abnormalities of thyroid gland. The median UIC was significantly higher for the inland participants (188.5 μg/L) than the coastal participants (128.5 μg/L; p < 0.001), indicating iodine sufficiency in both populations according to the recommended assessment criteria by the World Health Organization. However, the spectrum of thyroid abnormalities varied between regions, with hypothyroidism prevalent in inland and thyroid nodules in coast. The associations between region and thyroid abnormalities via binary logistic regression models showed that the coastal participants were at a higher risk of total thyroid abnormalities than those from the inland (OR 1.216, 95% CI 1.020–1.449), after the adjustment of ten confounders (demographical characteristics, smoking status, metabolism syndrome, and hyperuricemia). These results indicated that further investigations of the adverse effects of hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules on health burden is urgently needed to sustain USI program.

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Clinical Assessment of Goiter and Low Urinary Iodine Concentration Depict Presence of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnant Ethiopian Women: A Cross-sectional Study in Rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety ◽

10.9734/ejnfs/2015/20866 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 379-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Getahun Lombamo ◽

Henok Tadele ◽

Alemtsehay Bogale ◽

Cherinet Abuye ◽

Barbara Stoecker

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Clinical Assessment ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

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Can postpartum maternal urinary iodine be used to estimate iodine nutrition status of newborns?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114516000064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (7) ◽

pp. 1226-1231 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pantea Nazeri ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Yadollah Mehrabi ◽

Hossein Delshad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Young Infants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Heel Prick ◽

Postpartum Mothers

AbstractI deficiency can lead to detrimental effects, particularly in neonates and young infants. The aim of this study was to explore whether postpartum maternal urinary I can be used to estimate the I status of newborns. In this cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, lactating mothers and newborns, within 3–5 d postpartum, were randomly selected. Urine samples were collected from each mother and newborn, and a heel-prick blood sample was obtained from all newborns as part of the routine national newborn screening programme. According to the WHO criteria, median urinary I concentration (UIC) <100 µg/l and frequency over 3 % of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) >5 mIU/l was considered as I insufficiency. A total of 147 postpartum women and neonates, aged 27·8 (sd5·3) years and 4·2 (sd0·6) d, respectively, completed this study. The median UIC was 68·0 (interquartile range (IQR) 39·4–133·5) and 212·5 (IQR 92·3–307·3) µg/l in postpartum mothers and newborns, respectively. The median neonatal TSH was 1·00 (IQR 0·50–1·70) mIU/l. There was no significant difference in the neonatal UIC and TSH of infants whose mothers had deficient and sufficient urinary I. In the multiple linear regression, neonatal UIC value was associated with maternal urinary I (P=0·048) and parity (P=0·039); a significant association was observed between neonatal TSH and infant sex (P=0·038) and birth weight (P=0·049). The findings of our study demonstrate that, despite postpartum mothers being mildly I deficient, I status of their infants was adequate as assessed by UIC and TSH values. It seems factors other than maternal urinary I may influence the I status in newborns.

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Hypertension and Salt-Restrictive Diet Promotes Low Urinary Iodine Concentration in High-Risk Pregnant Women: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study Conducted After Salt Iodination Reduction in Brazil

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-020-02028-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 197 (2) ◽

pp. 445-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luciana Sant’Ana Leone de Souza ◽

Renata de Oliveira Campos ◽

Vitor dos Santos Alves ◽

Taíse Lima Oliveira Cerqueira ◽

Thiago Magalhães da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Restrictive Diet

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Assessment of Iodine Nutrition of School Children in Gonda, India, Indicates Improvement and Effectivity of Salt Iodization

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021001956 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Kushagra Gaurav ◽

Subhash Yadav ◽

Sheo Kumar ◽

Anjali Mishra ◽

Madan M Godbole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Content ◽

North India ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salt Iodine

Abstract Objective: To study the total goiter rate (TGR), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and salt iodine content among school children in a previously endemic area for severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Setting: The study was carried out in the Gonda district (sub-Himalayan region) of North India. Participants: Nine hundred and seventy-seven school children (6-12 years) were studied for parameters such as height, weight, UIC, and salt iodine content. Thyroid volume (TV) was measured by ultrasonography to estimate TGR. Results: The overall TGR in the study population was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.8-3.8%). No significant difference in TGR was observed between boys and girls (3.5% vs. 1.9%, p=0.2). There was a non-significant trend of increasing TGR with age (p=0.05). Median UIC was 157.1 μg/L (IQR: 94.5-244.9). At the time of the study, 97% of salt sample were iodized and nearly 86% of salt samples had iodine content higher than or equal to 15 ppm. Overall, TGR was significantly lower (2.8% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001), and median UIC was significantly higher (157.1 vs. 100.0 μg/L, p<0.05) than reported in the same area in 2009. Conclusions: A marked improvement was seen in overall iodine nutrition in the Gonda district after three and a half decades of USI. To sustainably control IDD, USI and other programs such as health education, must be continuously implemented along with putting mechanisms to monitor the program at regular intervals in place.

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Iodine status and characteristics of Korean adolescents and their parents based on urinary iodine concentration: a nationwide cross-sectional study

Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.6065/apem.2019.24.2.108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 108-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yun Chang Choi ◽

Ji In Cheong ◽

Hee Won Chueh ◽

Jae-Ho Yoo

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Korean Adolescents

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Association between Urinary Iodine Concentration and Thyroid Nodules in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/4138657 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Hui Sun ◽

Hanyu Wang ◽

Xiaolan Lian ◽

Chao Liu ◽

Bingyin Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physical Examinations ◽

The Relationship

Background. Associations between iodine intake and thyroid nodules (TNs) were not consistent. We aimed to illustrate the relationship between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and TNs. Methods. A total of 12,698 participants were enrolled in analysis. All of the participants filled out questionnaires and underwent physical examinations, laboratory tests, and thyroid ultrasonography. UIC, serum thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were measured in the central laboratory. Results. The prevalence of TNs was 16.00%, and the median UIC was 206.1 μg/L. TNs and UIC were negatively related when UIC was less than 527 μg/L ( adjusted OR = 0.87 ; 95% CI, 0.80, 0.94), and the relationship between UIC and TNs was not statistically significant when UIC was greater than 527 μg/L ( adjusted OR = 1.25 ; 95% CI, 0.98, 1.60). In women, UIC was negatively associated with risk for TNs (adjusted OR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91, 0.99). Conclusion. The relationship between TNs and UIC differed between men and women. The risk of TNs decreased with the elevation of UIC in men when UIC was lower than 527 μg/L, while UIC and the presence of TNs were negatively correlated in women. In the future, cohort studies or other studies that can explain causality must be conducted to explore the relationship between iodine status and TNs.

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Gender Determination Using Mandibular Angle Measurement in Iranian Adult Graphics in a Dental Center

Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research ◽

10.5812/amh.114608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Vasheghani Farahani ◽

Ramin Mashhadi Ismaeeli ◽

Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah ◽

Mahdi Isazadeh

Keyword(s):

Adult Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Angle Measurement ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Mandibular Angle ◽

Digital Device ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background: The mandibular bone is affected by age, metabolic activity, and hormonal changes. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the sex determination using the mandibular angle in the adult population of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 149 patients (73 men and 76 women) referred to the 600 Army Dental Center in 2016. Graphics were obtained from cephalogram and panorex using a Soredex digital device and Pack software to measure mandibular angles. Results: The mean mandibular angle was 122.19 ± 3.89 in men and 124.72 ± 3.24 in women, with a significant difference based on the independent t test (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It seems that the mandibular angle is higher in women than in men.

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