The Effect of Smoking on COVID-19 Symptom Severity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR2-COV-2) and was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019, but quickly spread to the rest of the world, causing a pandemic. While some studies have found no link between smoking status and severe COVID-19, others demonstrated a significant one. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between smoking and clinical COVID-19 severity via a systematic meta-analysis approach. Methods. We searched the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to identify clinical studies suitable for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Studies reporting smoking status and comparing nonsevere and severe patients were included. Nonsevere cases were described as mild, common type, nonintensive care unit (ICU) treatment, survivors, and severe cases as critical, need for ICU, refractory, and nonsurvivors. Results. A total of 16 articles detailing 11322 COVID-19 patients were included. Our meta-analysis revealed a relationship between a history of smoking and severe COVID-19 cases (OR=2.17; 95% CI: 1.37–3.46; P<.001). Additionally, we found an association between the current smoking status and severe COVID-19 (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.12–2.05; P<.008). In 10.7% (978/9067) of nonsmokers, COVID-19 was severe, while in active smokers, severe COVID-19 occurred in 21.2% (65/305) of cases. Conclusion. Active smoking and a history of smoking are clearly associated with severe COVID-19. The SARS-COV-2 epidemic should serve as an impetus for patients and those at risk to maintain good health practices and discontinue smoking. The trial is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42020180173.

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The effect of smoking on COVID-19 symptom severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1101/2020.08.15.20102699 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Askin Gulsen ◽

Burcu Arpinar Yigitbas ◽

Berat Uslu ◽

Daniel Droemann ◽

Oguz Kilinc

Keyword(s):

Web Of Science ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Good Health ◽

Common Type ◽

Current Smoking Status ◽

Current Smoking ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR2-COV-2), and was first identified in Wuhan, China in December of 2019, but quickly spread to the rest of the world, causing a pandemic. While some studies have found no link between smoking status and severe COVID-19, others demonstrated a significant one. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between smoking and clinical COVID-19 severity via a systematic meta-analysis approach. Methods: We searched the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to identify clinical studies suitable for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Studies reporting smoking status and comparing non-severe and severe patients were included. Non-severe cases were described as mild, common type, non-intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, survivors, and severe cases as critical, need for ICU, refractory, and non-survivors. Results: A total of 16 articles detailing 11322 COVID-19 patients were included. Our meta-analysis revealed a relationship between a history of smoking and severe COVID-19 cases (OR=2.17; 95% CI: 1.37-3.46; P <.001). Additionally, we found an association between the current smoking status and severe COVID-19 (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.12-2.05; P <.008). In 10.7% (978/9067) of non-smokers, COVID-19 was severe, while in active smokers, severe COVID-19 occurred in 21.2% (65/305) of cases. Conclusion: Active smoking and a history of smoking are clearly associated with severe COVID-19. The SARS-COV-2 epidemic should serve as an impetus for patients and those at risk to maintain good health practices and discontinue smoking.

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Relationship between self-reported task persistence and history of quitting smoking, plans for quitting smoking, and current smoking status in adolescents

Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.10.008 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 32 (7) ◽

pp. 1451-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marc L. Steinberg ◽

Jonathan A. Krejci ◽

Kerstin Collett ◽

Thomas H. Brandon ◽

Douglas M. Ziedonis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Status ◽

Task Persistence ◽

Current Smoking Status ◽

Current Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

History Of

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Family History of Crohn’s Disease (CD) May Be a Risk Factor for Developing de novo CD following Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis (IPAA) for Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S150-S150

Author(s):

H Li ◽

M Arslan ◽

Z Fu ◽

H Lee ◽

M Mikula

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

De Novo ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Smoking History ◽

Current Smoking Status ◽

Current Smoking ◽

History Of ◽

Former Smokers ◽

Never Smokers

Abstract Introduction/Objective A subset of patients with an established diagnosis of UC develops signs of CD (de novo CD) following IPAA. While the etiology and risk factors of de novo CD remain largely unknown, preliminary studies have shown controversial results regarding family history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and smoking history. Methods Patients that underwent IPAA for UC, with at least 1 year of follow-up, were identified (n=161; 1996 to 2018). We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records. Patients that were diagnosed with de novo CD during the follow-up period were further identified. Smoking history and family history of IBD were evaluated. Chi square test was performed to compare the frequencies. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression model. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results 29 de novo CD were identified. At the time of proctocolectomy, the family history of IBD and smoking history was documented in 152 UC patients including 27 that subsequently developed de novo CD. 23 of 152 had a family history of IBD (12 UC, 9 CD and 2 IBD, NOS). 19/129 (14.7%) UC patients without a family history of any type of IBD, 4/9 (44.4%) with a family history of CD, and 4/12 (33.3%) with a family history of UC developed de novo CD. Patients with a family history of CD were more likely to develop de novo CD post IPAA than those without a family history of any type of IBD (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.14-18.82, p=0.03). Family history of UC did not correlate with development of de novo CD (OR 2.90; 95% CI 0.79-10.57, p=0.108). At the time of proctocoletomy, 11 were current smokers, 25 were former smokers, and 116 never smoked. In de novo CD group, there were 4/27 (14.8 %) former smokers and 23/27 (85.2 %) never smokers. No de novo CD patient was current smoker. In the UC group that remained as UC following IPAA, 11/125 (8.8%) were current smokers, 21/125 (16.8 %) former smokers, and 93/125 (74.4 %) were never smokers. Current smoking status was not associated with development of de novo CD (p = 0.214). Conclusion Family history of CD may be a risk factor for developing de novo CD following IPAA for UC. Current smoking status was not associated with development of de novo CD following IPAA for UC.

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The influence of comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19 disease: systematic review and analysis

10.1101/2020.06.18.20134478 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nazar Zaki ◽

Elfadil A. Mohamed ◽

Sahar Ibrahim ◽

Gulfaraz Khan

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Current Smoking Status ◽

Current Smoking ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Severity Of The Disease ◽

Clinical Conditions

AbstractA novel form of coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly across the world. This disease, originating in Wuhan, China, has become a global pandemic. What risk factors influence the severity of the disease is of considerable importance. This research is intended to offer a systematic review/meta-analysis for assessing how common clinical conditions and comorbidities correlate with COVID-19. The meta-analysis incorporated seven studies covering 4101 COVID-19 patients from Chinese hospitals who had their diagnosis confirmed through laboratory testing. The findings demonstrate that the most common comorbidities with the disease were COPD (2.53%, OR 3.24 [95% CI: 1.99-4.45], p< 0.0006), cardiovascular disease (10.76%, OR 2.89 [95% CI: 1.90-4.40], p <0.0001), coronary heart disease (5.52%, OR 2.97 [95% CI: 1.99-4.45], p <0.0001), diabetes (11.34%, OR 2.27, [95% CI: 1.46-3.53], p = 0.0003), and hypertension (22.07%, OR 2.43 [95% CI: 1.71-3.45], p <0.0001). No significant associations were found for disease severity with the comorbidities of kidney disease, liver disease, or cancer. The most frequently exhibited clinical symptoms were fever (74.52%, OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01-1.86, p = 0.04), cough (62.15%, OR 1.25, 95% CI: 0.97-1.60, p = 0.0823), myalgia/fatigue (38.77%, OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.11-1.55, p = 0.0018), dyspnea (33.9%, OR 3.61, 95% CI: 2.57-5.06, p = <0.0001), respiratory failure/ARDS (20.6%, OR 11.46, 95% CI: 3.24-40.56, p = 0.0002), diarrhea (11.21%) and chest tightness/pain (16.82%, OR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.40-3.36, p = 0.0006). Meta-analysis also revealed that neither the duration of the incubation period nor current smoking status associated with disease severity.

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COVID-19 and Smoking: What Evidence Needs Our Attention?

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.603850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jianghua Xie ◽

Rui Zhong ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Ouying Chen ◽

Yanhui Zou

Keyword(s):

Smoking Status ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Control Measures ◽

Current Smoking Status ◽

Current Smoking ◽

Health Measures ◽

Medical Institutions ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship

The current COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although relevant studies show that the smoking rate of COVID-19 patients is relatively low, the current smoking status of people with COVID-19 cannot be accurately measured for reasons. Thus, it is difficult to assess the relationship between smoking and COVID-19. Smoking can increase the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms and aggravate the condition of patients with COVID-19. Nicotine upregulates the expression of ACE2, which can also increase susceptibility to COVID-19, aggravatiing the disease. Although nicotine has certain anti-inflammatory effects, there is no evidence that it is related to COVID-19 treatment; therefore, smoking cannot be considered a preventative measure. Furthermore, smokers gathering and sharing tobacco may promote the spread of viruses. Despite the COVID-19 epidemic, the findings suggested that COVID-19 has not encouraged smokers to quit. Additionally, there is evidence that isolation at home has contributed to increased smoking behavior and increased quantities. Therefore, it is recommended that governments increase smoking cessation messaging as part of public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. This review analyzes the existing research on smoking’s impact on COVID-19 so that governments and medical institutions can develop evidence-based smoking-related prevention and control measures for COVID-19.

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Historical Foundations, Strategic Visions, and World Order

10.1093/oso/9780198719519.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul J. Bolt ◽

Sharyl N. Cross

Keyword(s):

World Order ◽

International Order ◽

Power Relationships ◽

State Behavior ◽

Political Situation ◽

Security Issues ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

Chapter 1 explores perspectives on world order, including power relationships and the rules that shape state behavior and perceptions of legitimacy. After outlining a brief history of the relationship between Russia and China that ranged from cooperation to military clashes, the chapter details Chinese and Russian perspectives on the contemporary international order as shaped by their histories and current political situation. Chinese and Russian views largely coincide on security issues, the desirability of a more multipolar order, and institutions that would enhance their standing in the world. While the Chinese–Russian partnership has accelerated considerably, particularly since the crisis in Ukraine in 2014, there are still some areas of competition that limit the extent of the relationship.

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The Historiography of Environmental History

10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0009 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

J. R. McNeill

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Environmental History ◽

Industrial Pollution ◽

Full Scale ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Relationship

This chapter discusses the emergence of environmental history, which developed in the context of the environmental concerns that began in the 1960s with worries about local industrial pollution, but which has since evolved into a full-scale global crisis of climate change. Environmental history is ‘the history of the relationship between human societies and the rest of nature’. It includes three chief areas of inquiry: the study of material environmental history, political and policy-related environmental history, and a form of environmental history which concerns what humans have thought, believed, written, and more rarely, painted, sculpted, sung, or danced that deals with the relationship between society and nature. Since 1980, environmental history has come to flourish in many corners of the world, and scholars everywhere have found models, approaches, and perspectives rather different from those developed for the US context.

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Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 868

Author(s):

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo ◽

Xueyin Fei ◽

Raúl Domínguez ◽

Helios Pareja-Galeano

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Caffeine Intake ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Research Protocols ◽

The Relationship

Cognitive functions are essential in any form of exercise. Recently, interest has mounted in addressing the relationship between caffeine intake and cognitive performance during sports practice. This review examines this relationship through a structured search of the databases Medline/PubMed and Web of Science for relevant articles published in English from August 1999 to March 2020. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were defined according to the PICOS model. The identified records reported on randomized cross-over studies in which caffeine intake (as drinks, capsules, energy bars, or gum) was compared to an identical placebo situation. There were no filters on participants’ training level, gender, or age. For the systematic review, 13 studies examining the impacts of caffeine on objective measures of cognitive performance or self-reported cognitive performance were selected. Five of these studies were also subjected to meta-analysis. After pooling data in the meta-analysis, the significant impacts of caffeine only emerged on attention, accuracy, and speed. The results of the 13 studies, nevertheless, suggest that the intake of a low/moderate dose of caffeine before and/or during exercise can improve self-reported energy, mood, and cognitive functions, such as attention; it may also improve simple reaction time, choice reaction time, memory, or fatigue, however, this may depend on the research protocols.

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Association between CYP3A5 Polymorphism and Statin-Induced Adverse Events: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11070677 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 677

Author(s):

Jeong Yee ◽

Hamin Kim ◽

Yunhee Heo ◽

Ha-Young Yoon ◽

Gonjin Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Events ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Systemic Review ◽

Event Risk ◽

Total Data ◽

Lipophilic Statin ◽

The Relationship ◽

Review Manager

Purpose: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is involved in the metabolism of statins; CYP3A5 is the main enzyme responsible for lipophilic statin metabolism. However, the evidence of the association between CYP3A5*3 polymorphism and the risk of statin-induced adverse events remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism and the risk of statin-induced adverse events. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched for qualified studies published until August 2020. Observational studies that included the association between statin-induced adverse events and the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism were reviewed. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated to assess the strength of the relationship. The Mantel–Haenszel method was used to provide the pooled ORs. Heterogeneity was estimated with I2 statistics and publication bias was determined by Begg’s and Egger’s test of the funnel plot. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager (version 5.4) and R Studio (version 3.6). Results: In total, data from 8 studies involving 1614 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The CYP3A5*3 polymorphism was found to be associated with the risk of statin-induced adverse events (*3/*3 vs. *1/*1 + *1/*3: OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.08–1.82). For myopathy, the pooled OR was 1.30 (95% CI: 0.96–1.75). The subgroup analysis of statin-induced myopathy revealed a trend, which did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism affected statin-induced adverse event risk. Therefore, CYP3A5 genotyping may be useful to predict statin toxicity.

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Risk Factors for Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Neuroepidemiology ◽

10.1159/000514888 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Francesca Galluzzi ◽

Veronica Rossi ◽

Cristina Bosetti ◽

Werner Garavello

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Current Smoking ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Respiratory Allergies ◽

History Of ◽

Never Smokers ◽

Smell Loss ◽

Relevant Covariates

Introduction: Smell and taste loss are characteristic symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. Methods: We conducted an observational, retrospective study on 376 patients with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the San Gerardo Hospital in Monza, Italy, from March to July 2020. All patients answered a phone questionnaire providing information on age, sex, smoking status, and clinical characteristics. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated through logistic regression models including relevant covariates. Results: The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients was 33.5 and 35.6%, respectively. Olfactory dysfunctions were significantly directly associated with current smoking and history of allergy, the multivariable ORs being 6.53 (95% CI 1.16–36.86) for current smokers versus never smokers, and 1.89 (95% CI 1.05–3.39) for those with an allergy compared to those without any allergy. Respiratory allergy in particular was significantly associated with olfactory dysfunctions (multivariable OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.02–5.17). Significant inverse associations were observed for patients aged 60 years or more (multivariable OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.19–0.57) and hospitalization (multivariable OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.06–0.89). Considering gustatory dysfunctions, after allowance of other variables a significant direct association was found for respiratory allergies (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.03–4.86), and an inverse association was found only for hospitalization (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06–0.76). Conclusion: Our study indicates that current smoking and history of allergy (particularly respiratory) significantly increase the risk for smell loss in COVID-19 patients; the latter is also significantly associated to taste loss. Hospitalization has an inverse association with the risk of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, suggesting that these may be symptoms characteristics of less severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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