Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Small Ruminant Brucellosis in West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study design was employed on collected sera samples to investigate brucellosis in small ruminants from December 2018 to November 2019 with the objectives of estimating the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for the occurrence of brucellosis in small ruminants in selected districts of West Hararghe: Chiro, Hirna, and Mieso. A total of 2070 collected sera samples from small ruminants were tested using serological tests and screened by RBPT and confirmatory test (CFT). The overall seroprevalence of the present study was 0.24% in small ruminants (Chiro 0.2%, Hirna 0%, and Mieso 0.3%). The chi-square test (Stat 14.0) was used to determine the strength of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of brucellosis by using univariable logistic regression. Mixed flock (OR = 2.11 (1.33–3.36 CI; P = 0.002 )), agropastoral (OR = 4.01 (2.35–6.84 CI; P = 0.0001 )) and pastoral (OR = 2.59 (1.37–4.90 CI; P = 0004 )) production system, and larger flock size (OR = 1.68 (1.08–2.60 CI; P = 0.021 ) were factors significantly affecting the prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis. Univariable analysis was used, and independent predictors of small ruminant brucellosis were further analyzed using multilogistic regression. This disease was presented in the current study area; therefore, the careful separation of positive animals would help to prevent and control further distribution of the disease.

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Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease and its potential risk factors in backyard chicken production of Waliso district, South Western Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

Veterinary Integrative Sciences ◽

10.12982/vis.2022.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 95-105

Author(s):

Chala Bedasa ◽

◽

Ararsa Duguma ◽

Asamenew Tesfaye ◽

Tadele Tolosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Animal Health ◽

Infectious Bursal Disease ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bursal Disease ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Backyard Chicken

A cross sectional study on infectious bursal disease was conducted in apparently healthy backyard chicken at Waliso district of Southwestern Shoa, central oromia, Ethiopia from from November, 2018 to October, 2019. A total of 282 chickens were randomly selected to estimate seroprevalence of IBD infection and to identify the likely potential risk factors for the disease. Serum samples collected and serological test conducted in laboratory at National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investigation Center Sebeta, Ethopia. Out of 282 serum samples tested 224 were positive for indirect ELISA technique and the overall seroprevalence of IBDV in the study area was found to be 79.43% at individual level. Educational level of owners, kebeles and flock size significantly affect seroprevalence of IBD in the study area. The effect of difference in managements like source of replacement, frequency of house cleaning, use of disinfectant and isolation practice has a significant effect on IBDV sero-prevalence. A lower seroprevalence of IBDV was reported in good hygienic level of house (26.7%) than poor level of chicken house hygiene (96.4%) with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence of IBDV in the present study associated with chicken management, flock size, owner education level and other animal related risk factors for occurrence of the disease. Therefore, awareness on chicken health management, and importance of immunization would help to minimize the prevalence of the disease and play crucial role in the control of the disease. Furthermore, characterizing virus strains circulating in the area in future study is recommended.

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Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Brucellosis at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface in Rwanda

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8101553 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1553

Author(s):

Jean Bosco Ntivuguruzwa ◽

Francis Babaman Kolo ◽

Richard Simba Gashururu ◽

Lydia Umurerwa ◽

Charles Byaruhanga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Bovine Brucellosis ◽

Urban District ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Human Interface ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Bovine brucellosis is endemic in Rwanda; however, little information is available on seroprevalence and risk factors. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted among cattle farmed at the wildlife-livestock-human interface (n = 1691) in five districts and one peri-urban district (n = 216). Cattle were screened using the Rose Bengal test, then the results were confirmed by indirect enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay. Potential risk factors were determined with a questionnaire and analyzed for their association with seropositivity. In all districts, the animal and herd-level seroprevalence was 7.4% (141/1907) and 28.9% (61/212), respectively, 8.3% (141/1691) and 30.9% (61/198) at the interface, and 0.0% (0/216) in peri-urban areas. Among the potential risk factors, old age (≥5 years), cattle farmed close to wildlife, herds of cattle and small ruminants, history of abortions, and replacement animals were significantly associated with brucellosis (p < 0.05). Low awareness of zoonotic brucellosis, assisting calving without biosafety protection, drinking raw milk, and manual milking were each observed in more than 21.7% of cattle keepers whose herds were seropositive. This study confirmed brucellosis endemicity in cattle farmed close to wildlife in Rwanda, suggesting the need to focus control efforts in these areas. Educated farmers with a high awareness of zoonotic brucellosis had low bovine brucellosis seropositivity, which emphasizes the importance of education.

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Seroprevalence and potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis at the livestock-wildlife interface area of Yankari game reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i4.292 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 33-44

Author(s):

Y. Ibrahim ◽

H. M. Mai ◽

D. J. U. Kalla ◽

J. Kabir ◽

J. Nathaniel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Age Groups ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Interface Area ◽

Indigenous Cattle ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Game Reserve ◽

Potential Risk Factors

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and associations with potential risk factors of brucellosis in indigenous cattle breeds at the livestock-wildlife interface area of Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of 1000 sera samples were examined from 44 herds using convenient and simple random sampling technique. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) were used as screening and confirmatory tests respectively. Of the 1000 samples, 23.5% samples were RBPT positive, and after the confirmatory test, the overall true animal-level prevalence was 4.1%. For the herd level prevalence, (47.7%) herds had at least one animal that is seropositive following both tests. Brucellosis seroprevalence was significantly associated with the following potential risk factors; herds that belong to a cooperative society member (p<0.042), herds that keep only cattle (p<0.001), herds that practice commercial farming system (p<0.011), herds that possess a herd size of 51 to 100 cattle (p?0.009) and herds that have no history of abortion and other reproductive disorder (p<0.009). No statistically significant differences in brucellosis seroprevalence was obtained within sex, breed and age groups It can be concluded that brucellosis is still endemic in the study area.

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Types of bacteria isolated from Yemeni Currencies in Sana'a City and potential risk factors

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.3.0067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 042-047

Author(s):

Rowa Mohammed Assayaghi ◽

Huda Zaid AlShami ◽

Arwa Mohammed Othman ◽

Aied Mohammed Alabsi ◽

Bassam Ahmad Aldokhaini

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Bacterial Contaminants ◽

Paper Currency ◽

Shigella Spp ◽

Potential Risk Factors

The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial contaminants on Yemeni paper currency notes and coins and some potential risk factors. This study was carried out on 140 paper currency and coins obtained from bus drivers, supermarket cashers and Qat sellers shops in Sana'a city, Yemen. Swabs were taken from 140 paper currencies and coins and were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agars. Gram stain, biochemical and serological tests were done to identify isolated bacteria. The percentage of different types of bacteria isolated from the currencies were as follow; Staphylococci spp (22.2%), Alcaligenes spp (11.2%) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, Gram positive bacilli (10.0%), Escherishia coli (9.3%) , Seratia marcescans (6.8 %) , Streptococci spp (5.3%) , Enterobacter aerogene (3.0%) , Klebsilla pneumoniae (3.0%) , Enterobacter cloacae (2.3%) , Yersinia enterocolitica (2.3%) , Citrobacter spp (2.3%) , Gram posative diplococci (1.5%) , Shigella spp (1.5%) , and same percentage (0.8%) of Gram negative cocci, Vibrio cholerae, Actinomysis spp, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis. The highest percentage of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was found on currencies taken from supermarket cashers (31.4%) and (30.4), respectively. Whereas, lowest percentage were found in currencies taken from bus driver and Qat seller shops. Yemeni paper currency and coins are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Currency contamination is of importance issue to public health as it can provide a vehicle for easy transmission of pathogens between handlers. Therefore, public education on proper handling and great care should be taken during handling of money to avoid cross contamination.

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Serological investigation of brucellosis and its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiop

Ethiopian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/evj.v24i1.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dereje Tulu ◽

Abiy Gojam ◽

Benti Deresa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Health Impact ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Jimma Zone ◽

History Of ◽

The Difference ◽

Associated Risk Factors

The occurrence of brucellosis in different species of livestock has been reported from different parts of Ethiopia, however, the serostatus and risk factors of this disease in small ruminants is not well documented in southwestern parts of the country. This study was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017 to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis as well as its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone. A total of 804 small ruminants (402 sheep and 402 goats) were randomly selected and blood samples were collected for serological tests. The presence of antibody to Brucella was screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test and confirmed using the complement fixation test. Seroprevalence of 4.2% in sheep and 5.2% in goats was recorded in this study. An overall seroprevalence of 4.7% was recorded in small ruminants in the study areas. Brucella seropositivity was observed more frequently among sheep and goats with a history of abortion (6.7%) than animals that have no history of abortion (3.7%), however, the difference noted was not statistically significant. Older age (OR 3.9, CI = 1.43-9.94), pregnancy (OR 2.6, CI = 1.19-5.72), late term gestation (OR 2.4, CI = 1.54-3.78), mixed flock (OR 2.8, CI = 1.33-5.89) and larger flock size (OR 2.7, CI = 1.08-6.95) were noted to have more number of reactors. Hence, it is important to consider brucellosis as one of the diseases that needs attention and further study should be conducted to identify the circulating Brucella species and other causes of abortion in sheep and goats. Besides, this finding warrants the need for further investigation on its public health impact in the region. Keywords: Brucellosis; Epidemiology; Sheep; Goat; Jimma Zone

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Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Rift Valley Fever in Domestic Small Ruminants in the North Region of Cameroon

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2019/8149897 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Poueme ◽

F. Stoek ◽

N. Nloga ◽

J. Awah-Ndukum ◽

M. Rissmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Rift Valley ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

The North ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic vector borne infectious disease of major medical and veterinary importance particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is dearth of epidemiological knowledge of the disease in Cameroon. We conducted a cross-sectional study (January 2016–January 2017) to investigate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in sheep and goats in the North region of Cameroon. Stratified sampling approach was used to select herds where sera were collected from 680 randomly selected small ruminants (355 goats and 325 sheep) in eight localities (Kismatari, Lagdo, Pitoa, Garoua, Bocklé, Dembo, Poli and Touboro) within three administrative divisions (Bénoué, Mayo-Rey and Faro) in the North region. Anti-RVFV antibodies were detected using a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while a capture ELISA was used for the detection of specific RVFV-Immunoglobulin M (Ig-M) antibodies. We evaluated the associated potential risk factors of RVF in small ruminants based on observations of animal-related intrinsic and extrinsic factors in combination with serological results. The results revealed that 3.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–5.1%) of sampled animals and 24.6% (95% CI: 15.1–37.1%) of 65 sampled herds were seropositive for anti-RVFV antibodies and no difference in seropositivity between sheep and goats at individual animal as well as at herd levels was observed. Localities along hydrographic or large water banks such as Kismatari (OR: 14.333, (95% CI: 1.436–145.088)) and Pitoa (OR = 11.467 (95% CI: 1.249–50.306)) were significantly associated to RVFV antibody seroprevalence in a simple logistic regression. In addition, the multiple regression analysis showed that age and access to water points significantly influenced RVFV antibody seroprevalence in small ruminants. This study revealed that anti-RVFV antibodies are present in sheep and goats in the North region of Cameroon. It highlights the likely endemic circulation of RVFV in the considered localities despite the absence of clinical cases reported in animals or humans. Under these conditions, it is necessary to set up an early warning, surveillance and control strategy based on epizootic risk.

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Premature Arterial Disease Associated with Familial Antithrombin III Deficiency

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1645677 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 63 (01) ◽

pp. 013-015 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

E J Johnson ◽

C R M Prentice ◽

L A Parapia

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Coagulation System ◽

Early Age ◽

Arterial Thromboembolism ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Antithrombin Iii Deficiency

SummaryAntithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency is one of the few known abnormalities of the coagulation system known to predispose to venous thromboembolism but its relation to arterial disease is not established. We describe two related patients with this disorder, both of whom suffered arterial thrombotic events, at an early age. Both patients had other potential risk factors, though these would normally be considered unlikely to lead to such catastrophic events at such an age. Thrombosis due to ATIII deficiency is potentially preventable, and this diagnosis should be sought more frequently in patients with arterial thromboembolism, particularly if occurring at a young age. In addition, in patients with known ATIII deficiency, other risk factors for arterial disease should be eliminated, if possible. In particular, these patients should be counselled against smoking.

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