scholarly journals Age and Sex Variation in the Duration of Action and Corneal Touch Threshold (CTT) following Instillation of 0.5% Topical Ophthalmic Proparacaine and Tetracaine Hydrochlorides

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Samuel Kyei ◽  
Nana Yaw Abaka Dadzie ◽  
Ebenezer Zaabaar ◽  
Kwasi Antwi Asamoah Dwomoh ◽  
Kofi Asiedu
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Duration Of Effect ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Ophthalmic Solutions ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Purpose. We investigated of the effect of age and sex on corneal touch threshold (CTT) and duration of action following administration of 0.5% topical ophthalmic proparacaine and tetracaine hydrochlorides. Methods. A prospective, randomized, subject-masked, crossover study design was used. Two hundred and forty human volunteers were enrolled in the study. Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was determined using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. CTT was measured every 15 seconds for the first 1-minute and at 5-minute intervals subsequently for a period of 40 minutes after the application of each anesthetic. CTT and duration of action of the ophthalmic solutions were tested for statistical significance using repeated measures ANOVA. Results. The total duration of effect was 20 minutes for females and 25 minutes for males for both anesthetics. The total duration of the effect of both solutions decreased with increasing age; however, elderly participants had the longest duration (5 minutes) of the maximal effect (minimum CTT) of the two ophthalmic preparations. There was a significant influence of sex, F (2.39, 569.65) = 2.86, p = 0.04 ; F (3.48, 828.19) = 4.41, p = 0.003 , and age, F (4.78, 566.18) = 8.97, p < 0.001 ; F (7.19, 852.56) = 20.55, p < 0.001 on CTT following application of proparacaine hydrochloride and tetracaine hydrochloride, respectively. Conclusion. CTT and duration of anesthetic effect after instillation of 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride and 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride vary based on sex and age.

The “Intubating Dose” of Succinylcholine

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron F. Kopman ◽  
Bledi Zhaku ◽  
Kane S. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Function ◽  
Adductor Pollicis ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Duration Of Effect ◽  
The Times

Background The usually cited "intubation dose" of succinylcholine is 1.0 mg/kg. In the majority of patients, this dose will produce apnea of sufficient duration that significant hemoglobin desaturation may occur before neuromuscular recovery takes place in those whose ventilation is not assisted. This study was undertaken to examine the extent to which reducing this dose would decrease the duration of action of succinylcholine. Methods During stable desflurane/oxygen/opioid anesthesia and after adequate twitch stabilization, neuromuscular function was recorded with an acceleromyographic monitor. Supramaximal stimuli were delivered at 0.10 Hz. Patients received 0.40, 0.60, or 1.0 mg/kg succinylcholine, and twitch height was monitored for at least 20 min thereafter. Results The onset times to maximal effect were 105 +/- 23 s, 81 +/- 19 s, and 71 +/- 22 s, respectively. The lowest dose (0.40 mg/kg) did not reliably produce 100% twitch depression. The times to 90% twitch recovery at the adductor pollicis in the three groups were 6.6 +/- 1.5 min, 7.6 +/- 1.6 min, and 9.3 +/- 1.2 min, respectively. Conclusions Reducing the dose of succinylcholine from 1.0 mg/kg to 0.60 mg/kg shortens the duration of effect at the adductor pollicis by more than 90 s. The authors believe that even this modest decrease in the duration of drug-induced paralysis is often worth pursuing.

Preclinical Pharmacology of GW280430A (AV430A) in the Rhesus Monkey and in the Cat

2004 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Savarese ◽  
Matthew R. Belmont ◽  
Mir A. Hashim ◽  
Robert A. Mook ◽  
Eric E. Boros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Neuromuscular Block ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Duration Of Effect

Background No replacement for succinylcholine is yet available. GW280430A (AV430A) is a representative of a new class of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs called asymmetric mixed-onium chlorofumarates. It undergoes rapid degradation in plasma by chemical hydrolysis and inactivation by cysteine adduction, resulting in a very short duration of effect. The neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and autonomic pharmacology of GW280430A is compared herein with that of mivacurium. Methods Adult male rhesus monkeys and adult male cats were anesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane and chloralose-pentobarbital, respectively. The neuromuscular blocking properties of GW280430A and mivacurium were compared at a stimulation rate of 0.15 Hz in the extensor digitorum of the foot (monkey) and the tibialis anterior (cat). Sympathetic responses were assayed in the cat in the nictitating membrane preparation, and vagal effects were evaluated in the cat via observation of bradycardic responses after stimulation of the cervical right vagus nerve. Results GW280430A and mivacurium were equipotent in the monkey (ED95 was 0.06 mg/kg in each case). GW280430A was half as potent as mivacurium in the cat. The total duration of action of GW280430A was less than half that of mivacurium in the monkey; recovery slopes were more than twice as rapid. The 25-75% recovery index of GW280430A did not vary significantly after various bolus doses or infusions, averaging 1.4-1.8 min in the monkey, significantly shorter than the same time interval (4.8-5.7 min) for mivacurium. Dose ratios for autonomic versus neuromuscular blocking properties in the cat were greater than 25 for both GW280430A and mivacurium. The ratio ED Hist:ED95 Neuromuscular Block in the monkey was significantly greater (approximately 53 vs. 13) for GW280430A, indicating approximately four times less relative prominence of the side effects of skin flushing and decrease of blood pressure, which are associated with release of histamine. Conclusions These experiments show a much shorter neuromuscular blocking effect and much-reduced side effects in the case of GW280430A vis-à-vis mivacurium. These results, together with the novel chemical degradation of GW280430A, suggest further evaluation in human subjects.

Gingival Health of Porcelain Laminate Veneered Teeth: A Retrospective Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Arif ◽  
JB Dennison ◽  
D Garcia ◽  
P Yaman
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

SUMMARY Statement of Problem: The long-term effect of the presence of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) on the health of the surrounding gingival issues is not available in the restorative literature. Purpose: To assess the long-term effect of PLVs on the health of the surrounding gingival tissues. A secondary aim was to correlate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) scores with clinical parameters used for gingival health assessment in teeth treated with PLVs. Methods and Materials: Patients who received PLVs placed at the Graduate Restorative Clinic within a seven- to 14-year period were recalled for clinical evaluations. Periodontal measurements including gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured using a standard probe and indices. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) was measured with a Periotron machine (Periotron 8000, Oraflow Inc), using Periopaper (Periopaper Gingival Fluid Collection Strip, Oraflow Inc.) for fluid collection. Photographs of any observed clinical defect were taken. Data were tabulated using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp). Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 21 (SPSS Software, IBM Corp.) and Stata SE 13 (Stata Software, StataCorp). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test for statistical significance of the mean pocket depths between the restored and unrestored surfaces of the veneered teeth. The significance level for all tests was p&lt;0.05. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed for testing statistical significance between GCF and GI and between GCF and PPD. Results: The frequency distribution of the GI included 47 PLVs (43%) with normal gingiva, 16 (15%) with mild inflammation, and 46 (42%) with moderate inflammation and bleeding on probing. The average PPD on the facial surface of the maxillary and mandibular PLVs was 2.17 mm and 2.16 mm, respectively. On the lingual surface, the average PPD was 2.10 mm for maxillary and 2.22 mm for mandibular PLVs. Gingival recession was seen in 27% of the evaluated PLVs. The repeated-measures ANOVA revealed p≥0.136, showing no statistical difference in the mean pocket depths between restored facial and unrestored lingual surfaces of the veneered teeth. A moderate correlation (r=0.407) was found between GCF and GI, which was significant at p&lt;0.001. No correlation (r=0.124) was found between GCF and PPD, which was not significant at p=0.197. Conclusions: Gingival response to the evaluated PLVs was in the satisfactory range, with overall GI scores ranging between normal and moderate inflammation, pocket depths ranging from 1 to 2 mm, and recession present in 27% of the evaluated PLVs. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean pocket depths of the restored and unrestored surfaces of veneered teeth (p≥0.136). A moderate correlation was found between GCF and GI.

Vertical and horizontal barbell kinematics indicate differences in mechanical advantage between using an arched or flat back posture in the barbell bench press exercise

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412098295
Author(s):  
Brendan L Pinto ◽  
Clark R Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Flat Back ◽  
And Training

Employing an arched back posture during the bench press exercise is increasingly popular. Vertical displacement of the barbell is commonly believed to be the key difference influencing strength performance between an arched and flat back bench press technique. However, comparisons between these back postures using a free weight barbell are lacking. Directly comparing performance between each posture is confounded by many variables such as proficiency and fatigue. This investigation aimed to investigate whether changing back posture alone can influence barbell kinematics, to indirectly assess potential performance differences. Twenty males performed one repetition of the bench press exercise using either an arched or flat back posture, at 25%, 50% and 75% of their one repetition maximum, in a repeated measures study design. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Changing back posture alone, reduced vertical displacement (approximately 11% average difference across all load conditions) and barbell to glenohumeral joint moment arm (approximately 20% difference) in the arched posture compared to the flat posture. These changes occurred without any specific cueing of the barbell motion and may increase the potential for lifting higher loads and decrease cumulative joint exposure. Additional cueing and training may be required to maximize the mechanical advantage available with each back posture. The arched posture appears to have an increased potential for further improvements in vertical displacement and moment arm through specific cueing. Future comparisons should consider if each back posture’s potential mechanical advantage has been maximized when assessing differences between techniques.

scholarly journals Adolescent Pitcher Fatigue: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Stress, Flexor-Pronator Mass Energy Depletion, and Correlation to Pitch Count

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0024
Author(s):  
Manuel Schubert ◽  
Tariq Awan ◽  
Aaron Sciascia ◽  
Emily Pacheco ◽  
Jennifer DeMink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Subjective Fatigue ◽  
Forearm Flexor

Objectives: There has been a rise in elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in youth pitchers over recent years. With forearm flexor-pronator mass fatigue, the dynamic stability provided could be diminished placing greater stress on the UCL. Pitch count limits have been instituted in an attempt to help curtail this rise in throwing injuries, especially in youth athletes. In order to provide more objective data regarding current pitch count limits for youth pitchers, the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate for potential fatigue of the flexor-pronator mass by assessing changes in medial elbow laxity, noninvasively characterizing changes in muscle glycogen storage within the forearm flexor-pronator mass, and evaluating changes in subjective fatigue, strength, range of motion (ROM), pitching velocity, and accuracy with increasing number of pitches thrown by 10-year-old pitchers up to their recommended 75 pitch count limit. Methods: After appropriate power analysis, male pitchers 10 years of age were recruited for the study (n=22). Pitchers threw a total of 75 pitches divided into sets of 25 pitches, with standardized periods of rest in between throws and sets to best simulate a game. Bilateral medial elbow laxity was measured by applying 10 decanewtons of valgus force with a standardized stress device and utilizing ultrasound imaging (Figures 1A-B) prior to pitching and after each pitching set. The change in medial ulnohumeral joint distance (Figure 1C) after stress was applied was calculated from baseline without stress. Relative changes in muscle glycogen storage, detected as changes in echogenicity, within the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)/flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles were measured non-invasively with ultrasound-based software (Figures 1D-E) and recorded as fuel percentile. Repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc testing were used to determine statistical significance (alpha=0.05). Results: There were no significant differences in medial elbow laxity between arms or time points. There was a trend for similar decline in FCR fuel percentile values between each arm, indicating relative decreases in glycogen storage bilaterally. However, only the throwing arm demonstrated a statistically significant decline in fuel percentile from baseline to after 75 pitches (p=0.05). There were no statistically significant differences across time points for FDS/FCU fuel percentile values. Fatigue measurements for both arms were significantly higher at all time points compared to baseline (p≤0.03). Grip strength of the dominant arm after 75 pitches was significantly decreased compared to after 25 pitches (p=0.02). There were no statistically significant changes in other strength measurements, ROM, velocity, or accuracy between all time points. Conclusions: By the recommended 75 pitch count limit in 10-year-olds, subjective fatigue and a decrease in grip strength had occurred. Furthermore, relative glycogen storage of the flexor-pronator mass of the throwing arm decreased between pitching 50 to 75 pitches, but without an increase in medial elbow gapping. This study provides a foundation and raises questions for further objective testing of physiologic changes that occur throughout increasing pitching to better guide pitch count limits and ensure the safety of young athletes

scholarly journals Prevalence of vitamin D level in the serum of patients living in Erbil city, Iraq, referred to private clinical laboratory and effect of age and sex on it

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabar M. Abdulrahman ◽  
Balen Muhsin Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Mediterranean Country ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Study Population ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Country People ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Age And Sex

This retrospective study aimed to determine the levels of 25- hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) D] in the individuals that have been referred to two laboratories (Bio Lab and King Lab) and to around 50 private side laboratories that use both Bio Lab and King Lab as a referral lab for their tests, in Erbil city, Iraq. Then show the range of deficiency and its relation with sunlight exposure, sex and age. Out of the total number of cases (N=10823), large percentage (nearly 78%) referred to both clinical laboratory based in Erbil city were found to have a deficiency in vitamin D levels, which means they had 25-(OH) D levels lower than 20 μg/L. This study found the percentage of vitamin D level in the serum of groups insufficient, deficient, adequate, optimal; intoxication were 52.8, 24.1, 11, 12 and 0.2% respectively. When the records have been compared according to gender, the results suggested that there was no difference between male and female within the study population (P>0.05), while there was difference in the grouped ages (P<0.05). Our results indicate that although Erbil is located in a Mediterranean country, people living there should periodically check their 25-(OH) D levels, in order to get appropriate supplements of vitamin D, which eventually prevents secondary chronic disease due to vitamin D deficiency.

Construct Stability of C2 Replacement Strategies

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Puttlitz ◽  
Robert P. Melcher ◽  
Vedat Deviren ◽  
Dezsoe Jeszenszky ◽  
Ju¨rgen Harms
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Posterior Instrumentation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Posterior Fixation ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Anterior Plate ◽  
Intact Specimen ◽  
Strut Graft ◽  
Significant Difference

Reconstruction of C2 after tumor destruction and resection remains a significant challenge. Most constructs utilize a strutgraft with plate or screw fixation. A novel C2 prosthesis combining a titanium mesh cage with bilateral C1 shelves and a T-plate has been used successfully in 18 patients. Supplemental posterior instrumentation includes C0-C3 or C1-C3. Biomechanical comparisons of this C2 prosthesis with traditional fixation options have not been reported. Five fresh-frozen human cadaveric cervical spines (C0-C5) were tested intact. Next, the C2 prosthesis, and strut graft and anterior plate constructs were tested with occiput-C3 and C1-C3 posterior fixation. Pure moment loads (up to 1.5 N-m) were applied in flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. C1-C3 motion was evaluated using 3 camera motion analysis. Statistical significance was evaluated using one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc pairwise comparisons. All constructs provided a statistically significant decrease in motion in this C2 corpectomy model as compared to the intact condition. There was no significant difference in C1-C3 motion between the 4 constructs, regardless of whether the occiput was included in the fixation. Under these loading conditions, both the C2 prostheisis and strut-graft-plate constructs provided initial C1-C3 stability beyond that of the intact specimen. The occiput does not need to be included in the posterior instrumentation.

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