scholarly journals Chronic Energy Deficiency and Its Determinant Factors among Adults Aged 18–59 Years in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Samuel Dagne ◽  
Yonatan Menber ◽  
Yosef Wassihun ◽  
Gedefaw Dires ◽  
Atitegeb Abera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency

Background. The prevalence of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries is still remarkably high. Undernutrition during adulthood is a greater risk factor for low productivity, poor health, and mortality. There is limited information on the prevalence and determinants of chronic energy deficiency in Ethiopia. Objective. To assess the prevalence and determinants of chronic energy deficiency among adults aged 18–59 years in Ethiopia. Method. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the data obtained from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Data were collected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique, and the analytic sample consisted of 9,280 adults aged 18–59 years. The chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used, and p value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result. A total of 9280 adults aged 18–59 years were included in the study and 2911 (28.7%) (95% CI: 27.0%–30.4%) of whom were chronic energy deficient. Adults who have no work (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.72), male adults from Tigray region (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.09), Afar region (AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.04, 4.36), Somali region (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 2.19, 4.52), Gambella region (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.76), Harari region (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.19), Amhara region (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.13), Oromia region (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.19), Dire Dawa (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.05), adults live lonely (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.71), and adults residing in poor wealth index households (AOR = 1.26 : 95% CI: 1.07, 1.49) were significantly associated with chronic energy deficiency. Conclusion and recommendation. Chronic energy deficiency among male adults in Ethiopia was a high public health problem. Marital status, wealth index, occupation, and region were significant predictors of chronic energy deficiency. The Ministry of Health with other partners should strictly monitor and evaluate interventions that are being applied and should give focus to adult men to prevent malnutrition.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchenna C. Atowa ◽  
Alvin J. Munsamy ◽  
Samuel O. Wajuihian
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Significant Difference

Aim: To study the prevalence of myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in public and private (primary and secondary) schools. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used for selecting participants aged between 8 and 15 years from 12 schools in Aba, Nigeria. Data were analysed for 1197 children who underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The children were divided according to the following criteria: age groups (group 1 [8–11 years] or group 2 [12–15 years]), gender (male or female), level of education (primary or secondary) and type of school (public or private). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D in the poorer eye.Results: The prevalence of myopia was estimated to be 2.7%. Of the 96 children with refractive error, 78.1% were uncorrected. In using logistic regression analysis, risk of developing myopia was associated with older age groups (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–9.11; p < 0.010) and higher level of education (OR: 1.73; 95% CI, 1.05–2.86; p < 0.030). There was no significant difference in myopia prevalence between male and female children (p = 0.89).Conclusion: Although the prevalence of myopia and overall prevalence of refractive error in school children in Aba were low, the high prevalence of uncorrected refractive error is a significant public health problem. An effective and sustainable children’s vision screening programme is needed to prevent visual impairment and blindness.

scholarly journals An evaluation of compliance with the cigarettes and other tobacco products act 2003 in Koppal district, Karnataka

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Vijaykumar P. Mane ◽  
Yuvaraj Bhanot Yenkanaik ◽  
Shankrappa Dhanapur ◽  
Sangappa Yallammanavar ◽  
Rashmi Sreenivasamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tobacco Products

Background: Tobacco is a major risk factor for a number of diseases affecting all age groups. One person dies every six seconds due to tobacco use and up to half of current users will eventually die of a tobacco-related disease. Government of India has enacted cigarette and other tobacco products act (COTPA) in the year 2003 to control tobacco use. The objective of study was to estimate the level of compliance to selected sections (4 to 9) of COTPA (cigarette and other tobacco products – prohibition of advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution) act, 2003 in Koppal district, Karnataka.Methods: The present study was a cross sectional study conducted as an independent evaluation of COTPA act 2003 in Koppal district as per National Tobacco Control Program guidelines. Cluster sampling technique was used for sample selection and sample consisted of 158 public places, 102 educational institutional, 87 shops/ sell points and 60 tobacco products. Data entry and analysis was done using microsoft office excel 2013.Results: The prevalence of compliance to section 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7, 8 and 9 of COTPA act 2003 in Koppal district were 80.3%, 96.5%, 98.9%, 64.8%, 53.3%, 63.3% and 50% respectively.Conclusions: Compliance level was poor especially in relation to display of health warnings on tobacco products which needs to be tackled through strict enforcement of the existing laws.

scholarly journals Does the Frequency of Watching Television Matters on Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ahmed ◽  
Abdu Seid ◽  
Adnan Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Background. Studies in developed countries have revealed an association of different magnitudes between watching television and the risk of being overweight and obese among reproductive age women. Even so, there is no evidence of such an association in the context of the Ethiopian population. Hence, the study aimed to assess the association between watching television with overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Ethiopian women. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using secondary data analysis from 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey among women aged from 15 to 49 years. The samples were selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. A total of 10,074 women were included in the analysis. The outcome variables were both overweight and obesity, whereas the main exposure variable was the frequency of watching television. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for adjusting potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals was used to declare a statistically significant association. Results. The study found that watching television at least once a week was significantly associated with both overweight (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.20–2.73) and obesity (AOR: 3.76; 95% CI: 2.04–6.95). The study also divulged that the odds of overweight were higher among women aged 25–39 years (AOR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.25–3.77) and 40–49 years (AOR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.45–5.00), urban residents (AOR: 1.76; 95% CI:1.17–2.65), attended higher education (AOR:2.11; 95% CI: 1.22–3.65), and richest in the wealth index (AOR: 2.83; 95% CI:1.71–4.68). Similarly, the odds of obesity were higher among women aged 25–39 years and 40–49 years, attended higher education, and the richest in wealth index. Conclusions. The results from this study demonstrated that watching television at least once a week is associated with obesity among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. Therefore, a social behavioral change communication campaign needs to be taken to improve awareness regarding the harmful consequences of watching television for long hours. Further research studies should be conducted among men and adolescents to determine whether this positive association exists among that target population as well.

INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF INCOME, CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY, MORBIDITY AND HOSPITALIZATION AMONG ADULT MALE SLUM DWELLERS OF MIDNAPORE, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAUSHIK BOSE ◽  
SAMIRAN BISAI ◽  
PRIYANKA DAS ◽  
SWAPAN DIKSHIT ◽  
SAMPA PRADHAN
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Slum Dwellers

SummaryA cross-sectional study of 212 adult (>18 years) male slum dwellers (mean age=34·6±14·4 years) of Midnapore town, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to study the inter-relationships of chronic energy deficiency (CED), monthly family income (MFI), self-reported morbidity and hospitalization due to severe illness. The mean height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the subjects were 160·0 cm, 50·8 kg and 19·9 kg/m2, respectively. The overall frequencies of CED (BMI<18·5 kg/m2), morbidity and hospitalization were 38·2%, 34·4% and 13·7%, respectively. Based on the WHO classification, the prevalence of CED among this population was high (20–39%), indicating a serious situation. Overall, MFI was significantly (p<0·01) positively correlated with BMI (r=0·21). Linear regression analyses showed that MFI had a significant impact (t=3·08; p<0·002) on BMI. Overall, MFI explained 3·9% variation in BMI. Subjects belonging to the lowest family income group (FIG I) had the lowest mean BMI (19·1 kg/m2) and the highest rate of CED (46·3%) and morbidity (36·6%). Those in the highest family income group (FIG III) had the largest mean BMI (20·8 kg/m2) and lowest rate of CED (30·2%) and morbidity (30·2%). The highest rate (18·9%) of hospitalization was found in this group. There were significant family income group differences in mean BMI (F=3·134, p<0·05). The frequency of morbidity (24·6%) and hospitalization (11·9%) was lowest among normal BMI individuals. Morbidity was significantly higher (χ2=11·92, p=0·0026) among CED (48·2%) subjects compared with normal BMI individuals (OR=2·85; CI=1·49–5·46). Similarly, compared with normal BMI subjects, morbidity was higher (38·5%; OR=1·92; 95% CI=0·50–7·18) among overweight subjects. Hospitalization was more common among CED subjects (16·1%; OR=1·42; CI=0·58–3·45) compared with normal BMI subjects. Similarly, the frequency of hospitalization was more among overweight individuals (15·4%; OR=1·35; 95% CI=0·0–7·59). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the frequency of CED among this population is high, indicating a serious situation. Moreover there exists strong inter-relationships between BMI, CED, MFI and morbidity.

scholarly journals Dietary correlates of overweight and obesity among adolescents during the current nutrition transition: a cross sectional study in Kerala

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 3140
Author(s):  
Sivakumar C. P. ◽  
Jose Joseph ◽  
Manjula V. D.
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Nutritional Transition

Background: Overweight and obesity during childhood is a matter of growing concern among many low and middle income countries. Obesity in the developing world can be seen as a result of a series of changes in diet, physical activity health and nutrition. This is collectively known as ‘nutrition transition.Methods: The present study was conducted in an urban area of Kottayam district in Kerala. The schools were stratified into government, aided and unaided categories. Cluster sampling technique was used and data was collected after informed consent.Results: Obesity and overweight were found to be higher in children who consume butter/ghee, fried local foods, red meat/chicken and pizza/burgers frequently. The factors related to eating behaviour include time for finishing meals, parent force to eat, skipping of breakfast, family eats out and consumption of fast food.Conclusions: Nutritional transition has contributed to the problem of adolescent obesity.

scholarly journals Prevalence of substance use in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Md Faruq Alam ◽  
Mekhala Sarkar ◽  
Mohammad Tariqul Alam ◽  
Helal Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Avra Das Bhowmik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income

The prevalence of substance use is on rising trend in the country. This two-stage nationwide multicentric community based cross sectional study was conducted by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka during the period of September 2017 to July 2018 to determine the prevalence of substance use as well as to identify the proportion of users used different substances and to find out socio-demographic correlates of substance use in Bangladesh. The sample were collected by cluster sampling technique. In the first stage data were collected from 19692 respondents aged between 7 years and above in 140 clusters through face-to-face interview using semi-structured questionnaires to collect information by trained data collector. Diagnoses of substance use were made in the second stage of interview by research psychiatrists following DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of mental disorders. Descriptive and inferential statistics of the collected data was done using standard statistical parameters. SPSS programme (Version 23) was used to summarize and to analyze the data. The results showed that, the prevalence of substance use was found as 3.3% among the population 18 years and above. Prevalence of substance use was 4.8% in male and 0.6% in female. Most frequently used substances include cannabis in (42.7%), alcohol in 27.5%, amphetamine (yaba) in 15.2%, opioid in 5.3% and sleeping pills in 3.4% users. Among professions of substance users 6.7% were labors, 5.7% unemployed, 4.3% business men, 3.8% farmers and 3.5% service holders. Extremes of social classes were found as increased users of substances such as people with low income 3.2% and people with high income 3.8% using as against 2.6% in middle income group. The data of this community survey will be used for planning of mental health services in Bangladesh. Bang J Psychiatry June 2018; 32(1): 1-8

scholarly journals Immunization coverage under universal immunization programme in Kozhikode district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3667
Author(s):  
Sreedevi C.
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Multi Stage

Background: Immunization is an important cost effective tool for preventing the morbidities and mortalities caused by vaccine preventable diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the universal immunization programme coverage of children of 12–23 months of age in Kozhikode district and to study the factors associated with immunization coverage.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 30 randomly selected electoral wards of Kozhikode district which were selected using multi stage cluster sampling technique during April 2013 to May 2014.Results: 469 children were studied from 30 clusters. 75.5% was fully immunized while 1.5% was unimmunized. Dropout rate for DPT 3 to Measles was the highest accounting to 20.2%. Most common reason for failure of immunization among unimmunized was that the parents didn’t feel the need (57.1%) and for partially immunized was the illness of the child (27.8%) followed by lack of awareness of the time of immunization (22.2%). Religion, early age of the mother at marriage and first delivery and high birth order were significantly associated with a higher proportion of partially immunized while higher education of the parents (>12th standard), health worker’s home visit in the first year of the child and presence of immunization card were significantly associated with a high full immunization coverage (p<0.05).Conclusions: Immunization coverage of 75.5% is far behind the target to be achieved. 1.5% of the children didn’t get any of the vaccinations. It is very important to increases the coverage to prevent the re-emergence of vaccine preventable diseases.

scholarly journals Analisis Implementasi Patient Safety Terkait Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan di Rumah Sakit

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Sumarni Sumarni
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Quality Of Health Services

<em>Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia to set out five key issues related to safety in the hospital, the Patient Safety, worker safety, the safety of buildings and equipment in hospitals that could have an impact on Patient Safety and personnel, safety of the environment that have an impact on environmental pollution and safety businesses Hospital related to the survival Hospital. Management of patient safety plays an important role in improving the quality of health services. Patient safety is the efforts of service that prioritizes patient safety. The research was conducted at Ibn Sina Hospital, the type of research is cross sectional study is a draft that examines the dynamics of the correlation between the independent variables (patient safety) and the dependent variable (improving the quality of health services) at the same time. Respondents that all officers in the field of medical care and support services at Ibn Sina Hospital. The sampling technique used is random cluster sampling technique with a population of 402 respondents sampled 304 respondents. Based on interviews with the respondents stated that the higher the safety of the patient, the better the quality of a hospital, when a patient is exposed to the incident then it will switch to other hospitals, patient safety and quality are positively correlated Hospital. The results showed that no respondents (0%) the implementation of Patient Safety classified as very weak. The percentage of respondents to the implementation of Patient Safety is very strong, strong, moderate and weak amounted to 12.25% (30 respondents), 71.57% (224 respondents), 15.69% (39 respondents) and 0.49% (11 respondents ). Based on these results it is known that the majority of respondents ie 71.57% (224 respondents) is the implementation of the Patient Safety category are classified as strong, so it can be concluded that the implementation of Patient Safety at Ibn Sina Hospital relatively strong. Based on the dimensions of most of the dimensions Implementing Patient Safety at Ibn Sina Hospital is high with dimensions on the dimension of cooperation is highest in units amounted to 97.10%.</em>

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with psychological violence against married women in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 5156
Author(s):  
Ameena Subair Raheela ◽  
Pillaveetil Sathyadas Indu
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Literacy

Background: The distribution and determinants of violence against women may vary in time across the region and within the region. It results in women’s physical and psychological sufferings and the final impact will reflect in the health system. Kerala is one of the leading states in India for female literacy and health indices. Still different forms of domestic violence including physical, psychological, economical and sexual violence are prevailing as a public health problem. Among the various domains this study measured the prevalence of psychological violence and identified associated factors, among married women aged 18-55 years in Thiruvananthapuram district.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2017. Sample size calculated was 270. Multistage cluster sampling was done. Tool used was semi structured questionnaire; conducted house visits and direct interview. Psychological violence was measured using modified scale validated in local language.Results: The life time prevalence of psychological violence was 25.2% (95% CI 20.2-30.6). The predictors of psychological violence found were care obtained during pregnancy (AOR 0.107), household structure (AOR 7.8), in laws’ satisfaction with marriage (AOR 0.046), less communication with own family (AOR 8.6) and partner’s parents quarrel (AOR 31.3).Conclusions: Psychological violence is still prevalent in the community. The associated factors include those relating to habit of the partner, house hold conditions, marital elements and family environment. The study identified nurturing friendly atmosphere in the family and improving familial bond as the core strategy to prevent psychological violence. Similar studies are recommended in each setting separately since risk factors varies with change in settings.

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