Paracentric Inversions Differentiate the Conservative Karyotypes in Two Centropomus Species (Teleostei: Centropomidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda T. Borges ◽  
Marcelo B. Cioffi ◽  
Luiz A.C. Bertollo ◽  
Rodrigo X. Soares ◽  
Gideão W.W.F. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Replication Banding ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

Centropomus is the sole genus of the Centropomidae family (Teleostei), comprising 12 species widely distributed throughout the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific, with 6 of them occurring in the Western Atlantic in extensive sympatry. Their life history and phylogenetic relationships are well characterized; however, aspects of chromosomal evolution are still unknown. Here, cytogenetic analyses of 2 Centropomus species of great economic value (C. undecimalis and C. mexicanus) were performed using conventional (Giemsa, Ag-NOR, and fluorochrome staining, C- and replication banding) and molecular (chromosomal mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA, H2A-H2B and H3 hisDNA, and (TTAGGG)n repeats) approaches. The karyotypes of both species were composed of 48 solely acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 48; FN = 48), but the single ribosomal site was located in varying positions in the long arms of the second largest chromosome pair. Replication bands were generally similar, although conspicuous differences were observed in some chromosome regions. In both species, the histone H3 genes were located on 3 apparently homeologous chromosome pairs, but the exact position of these clusters differed slightly. Interspecific hisDNA and rDNA site displacements can indicate the occurrence of multiple paracentric inversions during the evolutionary diversification of the Centropomus genomes. Although the karyotypes remained similar in both species, our data demonstrate an unsuspected microstructural reorganization between them, driven most likely by a series of paracentric inversions.

scholarly journals Sex Chromosomes and Internal Telomeric Sequences in Dormitator latifrons (Richardson 1844) (Eleotridae: Eleotrinae): An Insight into Their Origin in the Genus

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Fabilene Gomes Paim ◽  
Mauro Nirchio ◽  
Claudio Oliveira ◽  
Anna Rita Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Regions ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
Telomeric Repeats ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Telomeric Sequences

The freshwater fish species Dormitator latifrons, commonly named the Pacific fat sleeper, is an important food resource in CentralSouth America, yet almost no genetic information on it is available. A cytogenetic analysis of this species was undertaken by standard and molecular techniques (chromosomal mapping of 18S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and telomeric repeats), aiming to describe the karyotype features, verify the presence of sex chromosomes described in congeneric species, and make inferences on chromosome evolution in the genus. The karyotype (2n = 46) is mainly composed of metacentric and submetacentic chromosomes, with nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) localized on the short arms of submetacentric pair 10. The presence of XX/XY sex chromosomes was observed, with the X chromosome carrying the 5S rDNA sequences. These heterochromosomes likely appeared before 1 million years ago, since they are shared with another derived Dormitator species (Dormitator maculatus) distributed in the Western Atlantic. Telomeric repeats hybridize to the terminal portions of almost all chromosomes; additional interstitial sites are present in the centromeric region, suggesting pericentromeric inversions as the main rearrangement mechanisms that has driven karyotypic evolution in the genus. The data provided here contribute to improving the cytogenetics knowledge of D. latifrons, offering basic information that could be useful in aquaculture farming of this neotropical fish.

scholarly journals Comparative cytogenetic patterns in Carangidae fishes in association with their distribution range

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-445
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Xavier Soares ◽  
Clóvis Coutinho da Motta Neto ◽  
Gideão Wagner Werneck Félix da Costa ◽  
Marcelo de Bello Cioffi ◽  
Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
5S Rdna ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Migratory Capacity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pericentric Inversions ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Predatory Fishes ◽  
Ribosomal Dnas ◽  
Large Distribution

Carangidae are an important and widespreaded family of pelagic predatory fishes that inhabit reef regions or open ocean areas, some species occupying a vast circumglobal distribution. Cytogenetic comparisons among representatives of its different tribes help to understand the process of karyotype divergence in marine ecosystems due to the variable migratory ability of species. In this sense, conventional cytogenetic investigations (Giemsa staining, Ag-NORs, and C-banding), GC base-specific fluorochrome staining and FISH mapping of ribosomal DNAs were performed. Four species, Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy et Gaimard, 1825) and Seriola rivoliana (Valenciennes, 1883) (Naucratini), with circumtropical distributions, Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775) (Carangini), widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, and Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Trachinotini), distributed along the western Atlantic Ocean, were analyzed, thus encompassing representatives of three out its four tribes. All species have diploid chromosome number 2n = 48, with karyotypes composed mainly by acrocentric chromosomes (NF = 50–56). The 18S rDNA/Ag-NORs/GC+ and 5S rDNA loci were located on chromosomes likely homeologs. Karyotypes showed a pattern considered basal for the family or with small variations in their structures, apparently due to pericentric inversions. The migratory capacity of large pelagic swimmers, in large distribution areas, likely restricts the fixation of chromosome changes in Carangidae responsible for a low level of karyotype diversification.

Comparative Cytogenetic Analysis of Three Eumeninae Species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mara G. Tavares ◽  
Gisele A. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Haploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphisms

Eumeninae represents the largest subfamily within Vespidae, with 3,600 species described. Of these, only 18 have been cytogenetically analysed. In the present study, we used both classical and molecular techniques to characterise and compare the karyotypes of 3 Eumeninae species, namely, <i>Ancistrocerus</i> sp., <i>Pachodynerus grandis,</i> and <i>Pachodynerus nasidens</i>. <i>Ancistrocerus</i> sp. presented a haploid chromosome number of n = 12, with the first 2 chromosomes of the karyotype being almost entirely heterochromatic and much larger than the remaining chromosomes. The 2 <i>Pachodynerus</i> species presented the same chromosome number (n = 11 and 2n = 22) but displayed different karyotypic formulae<i>.</i> Additionally, chromosomal polymorphisms were observed in the analysed <i>P. nasidens</i> female. In the 3 species, heterochromatin was located in one of the chromosome arms. Fluorochrome staining revealed a balanced composition of AT and GC bases within the chromatin for each of the 3 species, except for few regions that were visibly GC-rich. All species had a single 18S rDNA site that co-localised with GC-rich regions; however, this localisation varied from species to species and not all GC-rich regions corresponded to ribosomal genes. Based on the cytogenetic data obtained here, we discuss the possible numerical/structural rearrangements that may be involved in the karyotypic evolution of the 3 studied species. In addition to the first description of the molecular cytogenetic characteristics of the Eumeninae subfamily and the genus <i>Pachodynerus</i>, this study also provides a relevant contribution towards the discussion of chromosomal evolution in Eumeninae wasps.

Insights into chromosomal evolution of Cicadomorpha using fluorochrome staining and mapping 18S rRNA and H3 histone genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Anjos ◽  
Andressa Paladini ◽  
Olivia Evangelista ◽  
Diogo C. Cabral‐de‐Mello
Keyword(s):  
18S Rrna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Histone Genes ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining

Chromosomal mapping of repetitive sequences in Hyphessobrycon eques (Characiformes, Characidae): a special case of the spreading of 5S rDNA clusters in a genome

Genetica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diovani Piscor ◽  
Leonardo Marcel Paiz ◽  
Lucas Baumgärtner ◽  
Fiorindo José Cerqueira ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Special Case

Nutritional composition of Patagonian marine gastropods during reproductive seasonality

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-576
Author(s):  
Mariano Cumplido ◽  
Carmen Marinho ◽  
Gregorio Bigatti
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Marine Gastropods ◽  
Complementary Resources ◽  
The Mean

AbstractMarine gastropods are consumed worldwide due to their nutritional quality, having important economic value in international markets. In the gulfs of Northern Patagonia (Argentina), marine gastropods are captured as complementary resources during bivalve artisanal fisheries. In this study, we determined the biochemical composition during the reproductive cycle of four edible marine gastropods abundant along the South-western Atlantic coast: Odontocymbiola magellanica, Buccinanops deformis, Buccinanops cochlidium and Trophon geversianus. All the studied species presented high protein (36–70.8%), low lipids (0.02–1.50%) and intermediate glycogen content (3.22–14.08%). The main oviposition season was during spring and summer. The mean nutritional values indicate that the species studied provide a good source of nutrients appropriate to the human diet, reaffirming their value as a commercial resource. Taking into account the nutritional contribution and the reproductive season, the best period for the capture of these resources is during summer for O. magellanica and T. geversianus, and during autumn for B. deformis and B. cochlidium. This work will help promote the consumption of Patagonian gastropods while ensuring their responsible capture, contributing to the sustainability of these valuable resources.

scholarly journals Chromosome Banding in Amphibia. XXXII. The Genus Xenopus (Anura, Pipidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 145 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schmid ◽  
Claus Steinlein
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Replication Banding ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Replication Bands

Mitotic chromosomes of 16 species of the frog genus Xenopus were prepared from kidney and lung cell cultures. In the chromosomes of 7 species, high-resolution replication banding patterns could be induced by treating the cultures with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and deoxythymidine (dT) in succession, and in 6 of these species the BrdU/dT-banded chromosomes could be arranged into karyotypes. In the 3 species of the clade with 2n = 20 and 4n = 40 chromosomes (X. tropicalis, X. epitropicalis, X. new tetraploid 1), as well as in the 3 species with 4n = 36 chromosomes (X. laevis, X. borealis, X. muelleri), the BrdU/dT-banded karyotypes show a high degree of homoeology, though differences were detected between these groups. Translocations, inversions, insertions or sex-specific replication bands were not observed. Minor replication asynchronies found between chromosomes probably involve heterochromatic regions. BrdU/dT replication banding of Xenopus chromosomes provides the landmarks necessary for the exact physical mapping of genes and repetitive sequences. FISH with an X. laevis 5S rDNA probe detected multiple hybridization sites at or near the long-arm telomeric regions in most chromosomes of X. laevis and X. borealis, whereas in X. muelleri, the 5S rDNA sequences are located exclusively at the long-arm telomeres of a single chromosome pair. Staining with the AT base pair-specific fluorochrome quinacrine mustard revealed brightly fluorescing heterochromatic regions in the majority of X. borealis chromosomes which are absent in other Xenopus species.

Karyotype stability in the genus Phaseolus evidenced by the comparative mapping of the wild species Phaseolus microcarpus

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Fonsêca ◽  
Andrea Pedrosa-Harand
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Telomeric Dna ◽  
Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Rdna Sites

The genus Phaseolus L. (Fabaceae) is monophyletic and comprises approximately 75 species distributed into two principal clades. The five cultivated species, including the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), were placed in clade B. Clade A comprises only wild species, with more limited distribution. In the present work, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in common bean (2n = 22) were used as probes in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in this comparative study of Phaseolus microcarpus (2n = 22), a species from clade A. We also analyzed the chromomycin A3 (CMA)/4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding pattern and the localization of rDNA and telomeric DNA sites. The single 45S rDNA site from P. microcarpus was mapped to chromosome 6, showing conservation to the P. vulgaris homeolog. Of the two 5S rDNA sites identified in both species, only the site on chromosome 10 appeared conserved. In spite of the phylogenetic distance between the two species, all of the single-copy BACs demonstrated conservation of synteny. However, four collinearity breaks were observed, probably caused by para- and pericentric inversions. Some variation in the repetitive fraction of the genome was also observed. Thus, a broader analysis of the genus confirms that few, rare inversions seem to represent the main karyotype changes during the evolution of this genus.

scholarly journals The Development of New Species-Specific Molecular Markers Based on 5S rDNA in Elaeagnus L. Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2713
Author(s):  
Oleg S. Alexandrov ◽  
Gennady I. Karlov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
New Species ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Far East ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Species Specific

The Elaeagnus L. species are trees and bushes that mainly grow in temperate zones of Western Europe; Minor, Central, and Southeast Asia; the Far East; and North America. Some species are used as fruit or ornamental plants and have economic value. Problems with the identification of species in the Elaeagnus genus by molecular genetical methods arise in the study of populations, systematics, breeding, and other areas of plant science and practice. Recently, the polymorphism of 5S ribosomal DNA non-transcribed spacers (5S rDNA NTSs) in Elaeagnaceae Adans. has been described. The results were used in our study as a basis for development of new species-specific molecular markers for some members of the Elaeagnus genus. The author’s method was applied for finding regions that were potentially applicable for species-specific primer design. As a result, some species-specific molecular markers were developed for Elaeagnus angustifolia L., E. commutata Bernh., E. pungens Thunb., and E. multiflora Thunb. These markers were tested in a range of samples and showed the presence of amplified fragments in lanes of the marked species only. Samples of other species showed no amplifications. Thus, the developed markers may be useful for the species identification of the studied Elaeagnus plants in botanical, dendrological, and genetic research (especially in a leafless period of year), as well as in breeding and hybridization experiments.

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