Comparative Cytogenetic Analysis of Three Eumeninae Species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mara G. Tavares ◽  
Gisele A. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Haploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphisms

Eumeninae represents the largest subfamily within Vespidae, with 3,600 species described. Of these, only 18 have been cytogenetically analysed. In the present study, we used both classical and molecular techniques to characterise and compare the karyotypes of 3 Eumeninae species, namely, <i>Ancistrocerus</i> sp., <i>Pachodynerus grandis,</i> and <i>Pachodynerus nasidens</i>. <i>Ancistrocerus</i> sp. presented a haploid chromosome number of n = 12, with the first 2 chromosomes of the karyotype being almost entirely heterochromatic and much larger than the remaining chromosomes. The 2 <i>Pachodynerus</i> species presented the same chromosome number (n = 11 and 2n = 22) but displayed different karyotypic formulae<i>.</i> Additionally, chromosomal polymorphisms were observed in the analysed <i>P. nasidens</i> female. In the 3 species, heterochromatin was located in one of the chromosome arms. Fluorochrome staining revealed a balanced composition of AT and GC bases within the chromatin for each of the 3 species, except for few regions that were visibly GC-rich. All species had a single 18S rDNA site that co-localised with GC-rich regions; however, this localisation varied from species to species and not all GC-rich regions corresponded to ribosomal genes. Based on the cytogenetic data obtained here, we discuss the possible numerical/structural rearrangements that may be involved in the karyotypic evolution of the 3 studied species. In addition to the first description of the molecular cytogenetic characteristics of the Eumeninae subfamily and the genus <i>Pachodynerus</i>, this study also provides a relevant contribution towards the discussion of chromosomal evolution in Eumeninae wasps.

scholarly journals Distribution of GC-rich heterochromatin and ribosomal genes in three fungus-farming ants (Myrmicinae, Attini, Attina): insights on chromosomal evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-428
Author(s):  
Gisele Amaro Teixeira ◽  
Luísa Antônia Campos Barros ◽  
Hilton Jeferson Alves Cardoso de Aguiar ◽  
Denilce Meneses Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Cytogenetic Data ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques

Cytogenetic studies on fungus-farming ants have shown remarkable karyotype diversity, suggesting different chromosomal rearrangements involved in karyotype evolution in some genera. A notable cytogenetic characteristic in this ant group is the presence of GC-rich heterochromatin in the karyotypes of some ancient and derivative species. It was hypothesized that this GC-rich heterochromatin may have a common origin in fungus-farming ants, and the increase in species studied is important for understanding this question. In addition, many genera within the subtribe Attina have few or no cytogenetically studied species; therefore, the processes that shaped their chromosomal evolution remain obscure. Thus, in this study, we karyotyped, through classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, the fungus-farming ants Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery, 1894, Sericomyrmex maravalhas Ješovnik et Schultz, 2017, and Mycetomoellerius relictus (Borgmeier, 1934), to provide insights into the chromosomal evolution in these genera and to investigate the presence the GC-rich heterochromatin in these species. Cyphomyrmex transversus (2n = 18, 10m + 2sm + 6a) and S. maravalhas (2n = 48, 28m + 20sm) showed karyotypes distinct from other species from their genera. Mycetomoellerius relictus (2n = 20, 20m) presented the same karyotype as the colonies previously studied. Notably, C. transversus presented the lowest chromosomal number for the genus and a distinct karyotype from the other two previously observed for this species, showing the existence of a possible species complex and the need for its taxonomic revision. Chromosomal banding data revealed GC-rich heterochromatin in all three species, which increased the number of genera with this characteristic, supporting the hypothesis of a common origin of GC-rich heterochromatin in Attina. Although a single chromosomal pair carries rDNA genes in all studied species, the positions of these rDNA clusters varied. The rDNA genes were located in the intrachromosomal region in C. transversus and M. relictus, and in the terminal region of S. maravalhas. The combination of our molecular cytogenetic data and observations from previous studies corroborates that a single rDNA site located in the intrachromosomal region is a plesiomorphic condition in Attina. In addition, cytogenetic data obtained suggest centric fission events in Sericomyrmex Mayr, 1865, and the occurrence of inversions as the origin of the location of the ribosomal genes in M. relictus and S. maravalhas. This study provides new insights into the chromosomal evolution of fungus-farming ants.

Paracentric Inversions Differentiate the Conservative Karyotypes in Two Centropomus Species (Teleostei: Centropomidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda T. Borges ◽  
Marcelo B. Cioffi ◽  
Luiz A.C. Bertollo ◽  
Rodrigo X. Soares ◽  
Gideão W.W.F. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Replication Banding ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

Centropomus is the sole genus of the Centropomidae family (Teleostei), comprising 12 species widely distributed throughout the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific, with 6 of them occurring in the Western Atlantic in extensive sympatry. Their life history and phylogenetic relationships are well characterized; however, aspects of chromosomal evolution are still unknown. Here, cytogenetic analyses of 2 Centropomus species of great economic value (C. undecimalis and C. mexicanus) were performed using conventional (Giemsa, Ag-NOR, and fluorochrome staining, C- and replication banding) and molecular (chromosomal mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA, H2A-H2B and H3 hisDNA, and (TTAGGG)n repeats) approaches. The karyotypes of both species were composed of 48 solely acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 48; FN = 48), but the single ribosomal site was located in varying positions in the long arms of the second largest chromosome pair. Replication bands were generally similar, although conspicuous differences were observed in some chromosome regions. In both species, the histone H3 genes were located on 3 apparently homeologous chromosome pairs, but the exact position of these clusters differed slightly. Interspecific hisDNA and rDNA site displacements can indicate the occurrence of multiple paracentric inversions during the evolutionary diversification of the Centropomus genomes. Although the karyotypes remained similar in both species, our data demonstrate an unsuspected microstructural reorganization between them, driven most likely by a series of paracentric inversions.

scholarly journals Microstructural chromosome reorganization in the genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lígia M. de Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Utsunomia ◽  
José Carlos Pansonato-Alves ◽  
Priscilla C. Scacchetti ◽  
Cleberson C. Primo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Karyotype Formula ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques ◽  
Genomic Reorganization

Trichomycterus is a specious fish genus within Trichomycterinae and displays remarkable karyotype diversity. However, knowledge about their genomic structure and location of repetitive sequence is still limited. In order to better understand the karyotype diversification, we analyzed nine species of Trichomycterus using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Results revealed a conserved diploid chromosome number of 2n=54 chromosomes in all analyzed species, although remarkable differences on the constitutive heterochromatin distribution were observed. In addition, while the 18S rDNA showed a conserved distribution pattern, the 5S rDNA sites showed a quite diverse location considering the analyzed species. Remarkably, both ribosomal genes were co-located in all species, except in T . iheringi , suggesting that co-localization is probably an ancestral condition in Trichomycterus . Finally, three analyzed species showed heterochromatic B chromosomes, reinforcing the intense genomic reorganization occurring in Trichomycterus . Our results showed that chromosomal variations are not restricted to differences in karyotype formula as previously proposed, but also to modifications on the microstructural level of resolution.

scholarly journals Genome Size and Chromosome Number Evolution in Korean Iris L. Species (Iridaceae Juss.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bokyung Choi ◽  
Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss ◽  
Eva M. Temsch ◽  
Soonku So ◽  
Hyeon-Ho Myeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Chromosome Number Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and genome sizes of 14 Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) species in Korea and their closely related taxon, Sisyrinchium rosulatum, are presented and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework. To date, understanding the chromosomal evolution of Korean irises has been hampered by their high chromosome numbers. Here, we report analyses of chromosome numbers and karyotypes obtained via classic Feulgen staining and genome sizes measured using flow cytometry in Korean irises. More than a two-fold variation in chromosome numbers (2n = 22 to 2n = 50) and over a three-fold genome size variation (2.39 pg to 7.86 pg/1 C) suggest the putative polyploid and/or dysploid origin of some taxa. Our study demonstrates that the patterns of genome size variation and chromosome number changes in Korean irises do not correlate with the phylogenetic relationships and could have been affected by different evolutionary processes involving polyploidy or dysploidy. This study presents the first comprehensive chromosomal and genome size data for Korean Iris species. Further studies involving molecular cytogenetic and phylogenomic analyses are needed to interpret the mechanisms involved in the origin of chromosomal variation in the Iris.

scholarly journals Comparative cytogenetics of Serrasalmidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): The relationship between chromosomal evolution and molecular phylogenies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258003
Author(s):  
Ramon Marin Favarato ◽  
Leila Braga Ribeiro ◽  
Alber Campos ◽  
Jorge Ivan Rebelo Porto ◽  
Celeste Mutuko Nakayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Comparative Cytogenetics ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
The Family ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques ◽  
The Relationship

Serrasalmidae has high morphological and chromosomal diversity. Based on molecular hypotheses, the family is currently divided into two subfamilies, Colossomatinae and Serrasalminae, with Serrasalminae composed of two tribes: Myleini (comprising most of pacus species) and Serrasalmini (represented by Metynnis, Catoprion, and remaining piranha’s genera). This study aimed to analyze species of the tribes Myleini (Myloplus asterias, M. lobatus, M. rubripinnis, M. schomburgki, and Tometes camunani) and Serrasalmini (Metynnis cuiaba, M. hypsauchen, and M. longipinnis) using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques in order to understand the chromosomal evolution of the family. The four species of the genus Myloplus and T. camunani presented 2n = 58 chromosomes, while the species of Metynnis presented 2n = 62 chromosomes. The distribution of heterochromatin occurred predominantly in pericentromeric regions in all species. Tometes camunani and Myloplus spp. presented only one site with 5S rDNA. Multiple markers of 18S rDNA were observed in T. camunani, M. asterias, M. lobatus, M. rubripinnis, and M. schomburgkii. For Metynnis, however, synteny of the 18S and 5S rDNA was observed in the three species, in addition to an additional 5S marker in M. longipinnis. These data, when superimposed on the phylogeny of the family, suggest a tendency to increase the diploid chromosome number from 54 to 62 chromosomes, which occurred in a nonlinear manner and is the result of several chromosomal rearrangements. In addition, the different karyotype formulas and locations of ribosomal sequences can be used as cytotaxonomic markers and assist in the identification of species.

Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Cucumis Wild Species Distributed in Southern Africa: Physical Mapping of 5S and 45S rDNA with DAPI

2015 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouhei Yagi ◽  
Magdalena Pawełkowicz ◽  
Paweł Osipowski ◽  
Ewa Siedlecka ◽  
Zbigniew Przybecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Rdna Site ◽  
45S Rdna ◽  
Polyploid Evolution ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Cucumis Species

Wild Cucumis species have been divided into Australian/Asian and African groups using morphological and phylogenetic characteristics, and new species have been described recently. No molecular cytogenetic information is available for most of these species. The crossability between 5 southern African Cucumis species (C. africanus, C. anguria, C. myriocarpus, C. zeyheri, and C. heptadactylus) has been reported; however, the evolutionary relationship among them is still unclear. Here, a molecular cytogenetic analysis using FISH with 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was used to investigate these Cucumis species based on sets of rDNA-bearing chromosomes (rch) types I, II and III. The molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic results suggested that at least 2 steps of chromosomal rearrangements may have occurred during the evolution of tetraploid C. heptadactylus. In step 1, an additional 45S rDNA site was observed in the chromosome (type III). In particular, C. myriocarpus had a variety of rch sets. Our results suggest that chromosomal rearrangements may have occurred in the 45S rDNA sites. We propose that polyploid evolution occurred in step 2. This study provides insights into the chromosomal characteristics of African Cucumis species and contributes to the understanding of chromosomal evolution in this genus.

scholarly journals A long reads-based de-novo assembly of the genome of the Arlee homozygous line reveals chromosomal rearrangements in rainbow trout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangtu Gao ◽  
Susana Magadan ◽  
Geoffrey C Waldbieser ◽  
Ramey C Youngblood ◽  
Paul A Wheeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
De Novo Assembly ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Haploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Long Reads

Abstract Currently, there is still a need to improve the contiguity of the rainbow trout reference genome and to use multiple genetic backgrounds that will represent the genetic diversity of this species. The Arlee doubled haploid line was originated from a domesticated hatchery strain that was originally collected from the northern California coast. The Canu pipeline was used to generate the Arlee line genome de-novo assembly from high coverage PacBio long-reads sequence data. The assembly was further improved with Bionano optical maps and Hi-C proximity ligation sequence data to generate 32 major scaffolds corresponding to the karyotype of the Arlee line (2 N = 64). It is composed of 938 scaffolds with N50 of 39.16 Mb and a total length of 2.33 Gb, of which ∼95% was in 32 chromosome sequences with only 438 gaps between contigs and scaffolds. In rainbow trout the haploid chromosome number can vary from 29 to 32. In the Arlee karyotype the haploid chromosome number is 32 because chromosomes Omy04, 14 and 25 are divided into six acrocentric chromosomes. Additional structural variations that were identified in the Arlee genome included the major inversions on chromosomes Omy05 and Omy20 and additional 15 smaller inversions that will require further validation. This is also the first rainbow trout genome assembly that includes a scaffold with the sex-determination gene (sdY) in the chromosome Y sequence. The utility of this genome assembly is demonstrated through the improved annotation of the duplicated genome loci that harbor the IGH genes on chromosomes Omy12 and Omy13.

Comparative Karyotype Investigations in the European Crayfish Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus (Decapoda, Astacidae)

Crustaceana ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (12-13) ◽  
pp. 1497-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pavlica ◽  
M. Mcžić ◽  
G. Klobučar ◽  
M. Šrut ◽  
I. Maguire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
45S Rdna ◽  
Astacus Astacus ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes

AbstractThis study reports on the chromosome number and karyological characteristics of the endangered species of European crayfish, Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus (Decapoda, Astacidae), both native to Croatian freshwater habitats. The karyotype of A. astacus and A. leptodactylus consists of 2n = 176 and 2n = 180 chromosomes, respectively. The haploid chromosome complement of A. astacus consists of 52 metacentric, 35 metacentric-submetacentric, and 1 acrocentric chromosomes. Fluorochrome staining with 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) has revealed that the karyotypes of A. astacus and A. leptodactylus are characterized by large heterochromatic blocks located at centromeric and intercalary positions on the chromosomes. Interstitial heterochromatic blocks were more frequent in A. astacus than in A. leptodactylus. In both species pairing of chromosomes in meiosis was regular with the majority of bivalents in a ring- and a dumbbell-form. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has revealed that two 45S rDNA loci were present in the investigated species. In A. astacus one of the two 45S rDNA-bearing chromosome pairs was highly heteromorphic, exhibiting a three-fold size difference between 45S rDNA sites on homologous chromosomes. Such a size difference was significantly less pronounced in A. leptodactylus. The karyotype differences between A. astacus and A. leptodactylus suggest changes in chromosome number as well as position of repetitive DNAs have played a role in the karyotype evolution of the species of Astacus.

Insights into chromosomal evolution of Cicadomorpha using fluorochrome staining and mapping 18S rRNA and H3 histone genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Anjos ◽  
Andressa Paladini ◽  
Olivia Evangelista ◽  
Diogo C. Cabral‐de‐Mello
Keyword(s):  
18S Rrna ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Histone Genes ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining

scholarly journals Comparative molecular cytogenetics in Melipona Illiger species (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanderly Andrade-Souza ◽  
Olivia Maria Pereira Duarte ◽  
Cinthia Caroline Cardoso Martins ◽  
Igor Silva Santos ◽  
Márcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Melipona Species ◽  
Almost All

Cytogenetic studies in Melipona are scarce with only 24 species analyzed cytogenetically. Of these, six species had the rDNA sites physically mapped and characterized by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (fish). The aim of this study was to perform karyotype analyzes on Melipona species from different regions of Brazil, with a greater sampling representative of the Amazonian fauna and using conventional, fluorochrome staining and FISH with heterologous rDNA probes. The predominant chromosome number was 2n = 18, however, the subspecies M. seminigra abunensis and M. s. pernigra showed 2n = 22 chromosomes. The karyotypes were symmetrical, however M. bicolor, M. quadrifasciata, M. flavolineata, M. fuscopilosa, M. nebulosa presented the first pair heteromorphic in length. CMA3+ blocks also exhibited heteromorphism of size and in almost all cases coincided with rDNA sites, except for M. crinita and M. nebulosa, which presented additional non-coincident CMA3+ blocks. The CMA/ rDNA sites were terminal and interstitial in species with high heterochromatic content, and pericentromeric in those species with low heterochromatic content. In addition to pointing out cytogenetic features of cytotaxonomic importance, the reorganization of the genome in Melipona is discussed.

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