The Impact of Fitness Status on Vascular and Baroreceptor Function in Healthy Women and Men

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Garth R. Lester ◽  
Francesca S. Abiusi ◽  
Michael E. Bodner ◽  
Peter M. Mittermaier ◽  
Anita T. Cote
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Arterial Compliance ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Baroreceptor Sensitivity ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Chronic endurance exercise training elicits desirable physiological adaptations in the cardiovascular system. The volume of exercise training required to generate healthy adaptations is unclear. This study assessed the effects of differing exercise training levels on arterial stiffness, compliance, and autonomic function. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eighty healthy adults (38.5 ± 9.7 years; 44% female) defined as endurance-trained (ET, <i>n</i> = 29), normally active (NA, <i>n</i> = 27), or inactive (IN, <i>n</i> = 24) participated. Cardiovascular markers, including hemodynamics, large arterial compliance and small arterial compliance (LAC and SAC), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), and spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) were assessed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> ET showed significantly greater LAC values (21.4 ± 6.5) than NA (16.9 ± 2.5; <i>p</i> = 0.002) and IN (14.7 ± 3.2 mL × mm Hg × 10; <i>p</i> = 0.028). Values for SAC and BRS were significantly higher in ET than IN (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.028, respectively), but not NA. Compared to IN, PWV values for ET and NA were significantly lower (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.003). After adjusting for covariates (age, sex, and SBP), significant associations with cardiovascular fitness status were noted for all markers but BRS. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Endurance exercise increases LAC likely due to high-volume training; however, lower volumes of physical activity may be sufficient to positively benefit vascular health overall.

The impact of endurance exercise training on left ventricular systolic mechanics

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (3) ◽  
pp. H1109-H1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron L. Baggish ◽  
Kibar Yared ◽  
Francis Wang ◽  
Rory B. Weiner ◽  
Adolph M. Hutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Radial Strain ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Lv Systolic Function ◽  
The Impact

Although exercise training-induced changes in left ventricular (LV) structure are well characterized, adaptive functional changes are incompletely understood. Detailed echocardiographic assessment of LV systolic function was performed on 20 competitive rowers (10 males and 10 females) before and after endurance exercise training (EET; 90 days, 10.7 ± 1.1 h/wk). Structural changes included LV dilation (end-diastolic volume = 128 ± 25 vs. 144 ± 28 ml, P < 0.001), right ventricular (RV) dilation (end-diastolic area = 2,850 ± 550 vs. 3,260 ± 530 mm2, P < 0.001), and LV hypertrophy (mass = 227 ± 51 vs. 256 ± 56 g, P < 0.001). Although LV ejection fraction was unchanged (62 ± 3% vs. 60 ± 3%, P = not significant), all direct measures of LV systolic function were altered. Peak systolic tissue velocities increased significantly (basal lateral S′Δ = 0.9 ± 0.6 cm/s, P = 0.004; and basal septal S′Δ = 0.8 ± 0.4 cm/s, P = 0.008). Radial strain increased similarly in all segments, whereas longitudinal strain increased with a base-to-apex gradient. In contrast, circumferential strain (CS) increased in the LV free wall but decreased in regions adjacent to the RV. Reductions in septal CS correlated strongly with changes in RV structure (ΔRV end-diastolic area vs. ΔLV septal CS; r2 = 0.898, P < 0.001) and function (Δpeak RV systolic velocity vs. ΔLV septal CS, r2 = 0.697, P < 0.001). EET leads to significant changes in LV systolic function with regional heterogeneity that may be secondary to concomitant RV adaptation. These changes are not detected by conventional measurements such as ejection fraction.

scholarly journals Protein Supplementation Does Not Further Augment Physiological Adaptations to Prolonged Endurance Exercise Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Kristin L. Jonvik ◽  
Kevin J. M. Paulussen ◽  
Shiannah L. Danen ◽  
Astrid M. H. Horstman ◽  
Floris C. Wardenaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Physiological Adaptations

scholarly journals High-volume endurance exercise training stimulates hematopoiesis by increasing ACE NH2-terminal activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio de Castro Magalhães ◽  
Tiago Fernandes ◽  
Vinícius Bassaneze ◽  
Katt Coelho Mattos ◽  
Isolmar Schettert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
First Time ◽  
Captopril Treatment

One of the health benefits of endurance exercise training (ET) is the stimulation of hematopoiesis. However, the mechanisms underlying ET-induced hematopoietic adaptations are understudied. N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline (Ac-SDKP) inhibits proliferation of early hematopoietic progenitor cells. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) NH2-terminal promotes hematopoiesis by inhibiting the anti-hematopoietic effect of Ac-SDKP. Here we demonstrate for the first time the role of ACE NH2-terminal in ET-induced hematopoietic adaptations. Wistar rats were subjected to 10 weeks of moderate-(T1) and high-(T2) volume swimming-training. Although both protocols induced classical ET-associated adaptations, only T2 increased plasma ACE NH2-domain activity (by 40%, p=0.0003) and reduced Ac-SDKP levels (by 50%, p&lt;0.0001). T2 increased the number of hematopoietic stem cells (~200%, p=0.0008), early erythroid progenitor colonies (~300%, p&lt;0.0001) and reticulocytes (~500%, p=0.0007), and reduced erythrocyte lifespan (~50%, p=0.022). Following, Wistar rats were subjected to T2 or T2 combined with ACE NH2-terminal inhibition (captopril treatment: 10 mg.kg-1.d-1). T2 combined with ACE NH2-terminal inhibition prevented Ac-SDKP decrease and attenuated ET-induced hematopoietic adaptations. Altogether, our findings show that ET-induced hematopoiesis was at least partially associated to increased ACE NH2-terminal activity and reduction of the hematopoietic inhibitor Ac-SDKP.

scholarly journals The Impact of Endurance Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Torsion

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory B. Weiner ◽  
Adolph M. Hutter ◽  
Francis Wang ◽  
Jonathan Kim ◽  
Arthur E. Weyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Torsion ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Ventricular Torsion ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Voluntary running protects against neuromuscular dysfunction following hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Wilson ◽  
Joshua C. Drake ◽  
Di Cui ◽  
Matthew L. Ritger ◽  
Yuntian Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Neuromuscular Dysfunction ◽  
Voluntary Running ◽  
The Impact

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) due to temporary restriction of blood flow causes tissue/organ damages under various disease conditions, including stroke, myocardial infarction, trauma, and orthopedic surgery. In the limbs, IR injury to motor nerves and muscle fibers causes reduced mobility and quality of life. Endurance exercise training has been shown to increase tissue resistance to numerous pathological insults. To elucidate the impact of endurance exercise training on IR injury in skeletal muscle, sedentary and exercise-trained mice (5 wk of voluntary running) were subjected to ischemia by unilateral application of a rubber band tourniquet above the femur for 1 h, followed by reperfusion. IR caused significant muscle injury and denervation at neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as early as 3 h after tourniquet release as well as depressed muscle strength and neuromuscular transmission in sedentary mice. Despite similar degrees of muscle atrophy and oxidative stress, exercise-trained mice had significantly reduced muscle injury and denervation at NMJ with improved regeneration and functional recovery following IR. Together, these data suggest that endurance exercise training preserves motor nerve and myofiber structure and function from IR injury and promote functional regeneration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work provides the first evidence that preemptive voluntary wheel running reduces neuromuscular dysfunction following ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. These findings may alter clinical practices in which a tourniquet is used to modulate blood flow.

Higher mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation following intermittent versus continuous endurance exercise training

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 891-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Chilibeck ◽  
G J Bell ◽  
R P Farrar ◽  
T P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid

It has been well documented that skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation can be elevated by continuous endurance exercise training. However, it remains questionable whether similar adaptations can be induced with intermittent interval exercise training. This study was undertaken to directly compare the rates of fatty acid oxidation in isolated subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria following these different exercise training regimes. Mitochondria were isolated from the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats following exercise training 6 days per week for 12 weeks. Exercise training consisted of either continuous, submaximal, endurance treadmill running (n = 10) or intermittent, high intensity, interval running (n = 10). Both modes of training enhanced the oxidation of palmityl-carnitine-malate in both mitochondrial populations (p < 0.05). However, the increase associated with the intermittent, high intensity exercise training was significantly greater than that achieved with the continuous exercise training (p < 0.05). Also, the increases associated with the IMF mitochondria were greater than the SS mitochondria (p < 0.05). These data suggest that high intensity, intermittent interval exercise training is more effective for stimulation of fatty acid oxidation than continuous submaximal exercise training and that this adaptation occurs preferentially within IMF mitochondria.Key words: muscle, subsarcolemmal mitochondria, intermyofibrillar mitochondria.

Endurance exercise training increases insulin responsiveness in isolated adipocytes through IRS/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney B. Peres ◽  
Solange M. Franzói de Moraes ◽  
Cecilia E. M. Costa ◽  
Luciana C. Brito ◽  
Julie Takada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Pi3 Kinase ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Isolated Adipocytes

Endurance exercise training promotes important metabolic adaptations, and the adipose tissue is particularly affected. The aim of this study was to investigate how endurance exercise training modulates some aspects of insulin action in isolated adipocytes and in intact adipose tissue. Male Wistar rats were submitted to daily treadmill running (1 h/day) for 7 wk. Sedentary age-matched rats were used as controls. Final body weight, body weight gain, and epididymal fat pad weight did not show any statistical differences between groups. Adipocytes from trained rats were smaller than those from sedentary rats (205 ± 16.8 vs. 286 ± 26.4 pl; P < 0.05). Trained rats showed decreased plasma glucose (4.9 ± 0.13 vs. 5.3 ± 0.07 mM; P < 0.05) and insulin levels (0.24 ± 0.012 vs. 0.41 ± 0.049 mM; P < 0.05) and increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (23.1 ± 3.1 vs. 12.1 ± 2.9 pmol/cm2; P < 0.05) compared with sedentary rats. The number of insulin receptors and the insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β subunit did not change between groups. Insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation insulin receptor substrates (IRS)-1 and -2 increased significantly (1.57- and 2.38-fold, respectively) in trained rats. Insulin-induced IRS-1/phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase (but not IRS-2/PI3-kinase) association and serine Akt phosphorylation also increased (2.06- and 3.15-fold, respectively) after training. The protein content of insulin receptor-β subunit, IRS-1 and -2, did not differ between groups. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the increased adipocyte responsiveness to insulin observed after endurance exercise training is modulated by IRS/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway.

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