scholarly journals Improved uplink throughput and energy efficiency of LoRaWAN using 2-hop LEACH protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1557
Author(s):  
Yassine Oukessou ◽  
Mohamed Baslam ◽  
Mohamed Oukessou
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
Energy Constrained ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Battery Energy

The low power wide area networks (LPWAN) is the new connectivity technology that is geared towards energy constrained internet of things (IoT) devices, is starting to become one of the drivers of the re-accelerating IoT market and has one goal: ensure the wide range distance while reducing the battery energy consumption. We focus in this paper on the evaluation of the uplink throughput of the long-range wide area networks (LoRaWAN) then we attempt optimize the throughput and power dissipation using low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Therefore, we exploit a novel module developed in NS-3 simulator for obtaining the first measurements scenario, then the LEACH algorithm for the second optimization case. As result, the simulation analysis will help us to add a new LoRaWAN routing protocol feature.

scholarly journals Enhancement of LEACH Based on K-means Algorithm and Stochastic Optimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 406-410
Author(s):  
Tuyen Nguyen Viet ◽  
◽  
Trang Pham Thi Quynh ◽  
Hang Duong Thi
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Optimization ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Bat Algorithm ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
Energy Conservation Measures

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), maximizing the life of the Sensor Nodes (SNs), and energy conservation measures are essential to enhance the performance of the WSNs. A Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol has been proposed specifically for WSNs to increase the network lifetime. However, in LEACH protocol the criteria for clustering and selecting Cluster Heads (CHs) nodes were not mentioned. Accordingly, researchers have been focusing on ways to strengthen the LEACH algorithm to make it more efficient. In this paper, we propose to improve the LEACH protocol by combining the use of K-means algorithm for clustering and Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA), a new stochastic optimization to select nodes as CHs. The proposed routing algorithm, called SMA-LEACH, is superior to other algorithms, namely PSO-LEACH, BA-LEACH, which using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Bat Algorithm (BA) to improve LEACH, respectively. Simulation analysis shows that the SMA-LEACH obviously reduces network energy consumption and extends the lifetime of WSNs.

Farmer Dissemination of Seeds (FDS) Deployment Method Applied to Simulated Leach Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
Hesham A. Alabbasi ◽  
Ahmed Salih Mehdi ◽  
Alaa Hussain Altimimy
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Uniform Grid ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
Random Node ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Physical Sensing ◽  
Almost All

Recent communication technologies in the Wireless Sensor Networks WSN enable us to implement and construct various physical sensing nodes with electronic circuits for transmitting and receiving tasks. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy LEACH is a well-known routing protocol used and implemented in researches and articles; also, there are various attempts from the researchers to modify it to achieve the best results. Since almost all of the articles considered deployment either predefined or randomly depleted for the whole reign of interest RoI. A sophisticated random node deployment method is proposed, named Farmer Disseminating the Seeds FDS, the farmer walks with almost uniform steps and parallel lines to cover the whole RoI. A formation of a uniform grid with deviated random local distances from grid crossings considered as a predefined number of normal nodes with one advance node that has double battery energy. FDS is used to improve the importance of deployment methods as an additive parameter in estimating lifetime and energy consumption in routing protocols. Traditional random deployment and FDS methods are compared.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of EOICHD Based Clustered Routing Protocol Variants for Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Anupkumar Bongale ◽  
Arunkumar Bongale ◽  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Rahul Joshi ◽  
Kishore Bhamidipati
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Network Cluster ◽  
Leach Protocol

Efficient energy utilization and network life prolongation are primary objectives to be considered when designing a Wireless Sensor Network. Cluster-based routing protocols are most suitable for achieving such goals. Energy and Optimal Inter Cluster Head Distance (EOICHD) is a cluster-based hierarchical routing protocol inspired by the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. EOICHD resolves the problems associated with LEACH protocol, such as selecting cluster head nodes in close proximity. By carefully selecting the cluster head nodes based on residual energy and optimal inter-cluster head distance, EOICHD ensures that selected cluster head nodes are separated by a certain optimal distance. This approach ensures uniform distribution of cluster head nodes across the entire network. The study of the EOICHD protocol presented so far is not sufficient. Hence, in this paper, we propose three variants of EOICHD protocol to understand its behavior in a better manner. A comparative analysis of all three EOICHD variants, LEACH and LEACH-central constrained (LEACH-C) protocol, is performed by considering comparative parameters such as alive nodes, cumulative network energy, data packets arrived at the base station, and stability of the network.

Two Rounds Based LEACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Meriem Boumassata ◽  
Mohamed Benmohammed
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Leach Protocol

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are networks formed by a large number of electronic devices called sensor nodes, where each node is capable of measuring environmental or physical values and communicating data, through wireless links, to a base station. The main problem that WSNs routing protocols face, is that sensors are powered with low power batteries, which plays an important role in network lifetime. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is a hierarchical cluster based routing protocol that was proposed as a solution for low power consumption in WSNs. One of LEACH protocol limitations is “Extra Transmissions”. This paper studies LEACH protocol, some of its various enhancements and finally proposes a new clustering and selecting cluster head scheme with the goal of optimizing the energy consumption in WSNs.

scholarly journals Research On Optimization of Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Based On LEACH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibin Sun ◽  
Dijing Pan
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Matlab Simulation ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
Transmission Stage ◽  
Entire Network

Abstract Aiming at the shortcomings of a typical Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol, which randomly selects cluster heads (CHs) and sends data to the base station (BS) by single-hop, an improved effcient routing protocol, Leach-sub-muti, is proposed. In the process of electing CH, the protocol considers the energy of the node, the distance from the node to the BS, the density around the node, and so on. After the cluster is formed, the backup CHs in the cluster are selected according to the load of the CH nodes. In the data transmission stage, if there is a backup CH in the cluster, the nodes in the cluster send data to the CH firstly, and then when the energy of the CH node is lower than the average energy, the backup CH temporarily acts as the CH to forward data to the BS. This protocol allows normal nodes to forward data to the BS directly. When ordinary nodes forward data to the CH, the data can be forwarded by combining single-hop and multihop. Similarly, the data of the CH is also forwarded to the base station in the same way. MATLAB simulation experiments show that the optimized protocol sends more packets with less energy than the LEACH protocol, reducing the energy loss of nodes, and extending the life cycle of the entire network.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks Using an Optimized LEACH Protocol

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6016
Author(s):  
Salil Bharany ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Sumit Badotra ◽  
Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf ◽  
Youseef Alotaibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Threshold Function ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering

A Flying Ad-hoc network constitutes many sensor nodes with limited processing speed and storage capacity as they institute a minor battery-driven device with a limited quantity of energy. One of the primary roles of the sensor node is to store and transmit the collected information to the base station (BS). Thus, the life span of the network is the main criterion for the efficient design of the FANETS Network, as sensor nodes always have limited resources. In this paper, we present a methodology of an energy-efficient clustering algorithm for collecting and transmitting data based on the Optimized Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The selection of CH is grounded on the new optimized threshold function. In contrast, LEACH is a hierarchical routing protocol that randomly selects cluster head nodes in a loop and results in an increased cluster headcount, but also causes more rapid power consumption. Thus, we have to circumvent these limitations by improving the LEACH Protocol. Our proposed algorithm diminishes the energy usage for data transmission in the routing protocol, and the network’s lifetime is enhanced as it also maximizes the residual energy of nodes. The experimental results performed on MATLAB yield better performance than the existing LEACH and Centralized Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in terms of energy efficiency per unit node and the packet delivery ratio with less energy utilization. In addition, the First Node Death (FND) is also meliorated when compared to the LEACH and LEACH-C protocols.

scholarly journals Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Survey of Enabling Technologies, Applications and Interoperability Needs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
qahhar muhammad qadir ◽  
Tarik A. Rashid ◽  
Nawzad K. Al-Salihi ◽  
Brzo Ismael ◽  
Alexander A. Kist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Wide Range

<div>Low-power wide area (LPWA) technologies are strongly recommended as the underlying</div><div>networks for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. They offer attractive features, including wide-range</div><div>coverage, long battery life, and low data rates. This paper reviews the current trends in this technology,</div><div>with an emphasis on the services it provides and the challenges it faces. The industrial paradigms for LPWA</div><div>implementation are presented. Compared with other work in the field, this paper focuses on the need for</div><div>integration among different LPWA technologies and recommends the appropriate LPWA solutions for a</div><div>wide range of IoT application and service use cases. Opportunities created by these technologies in the</div><div>market are also analyzed. The latest research efforts to investigate and improve the operation of LPWA</div><div>networks are also compared and classified to enable researchers to quickly get up to speed on the current</div><div>status of this technology. Finally, challenges facing LPWA are identified and directions for future research</div><div>are recommended.</div>

scholarly journals Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Survey of Enabling Technologies, Applications and Interoperability Needs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
qahhar muhammad qadir ◽  
Tarik A. Rashid ◽  
Nawzad K. Al-Salihi ◽  
Brzo Ismael ◽  
Alexander A. Kist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Wide Range

<div>Low-power wide area (LPWA) technologies are strongly recommended as the underlying</div><div>networks for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. They offer attractive features, including wide-range</div><div>coverage, long battery life, and low data rates. This paper reviews the current trends in this technology,</div><div>with an emphasis on the services it provides and the challenges it faces. The industrial paradigms for LPWA</div><div>implementation are presented. Compared with other work in the field, this paper focuses on the need for</div><div>integration among different LPWA technologies and recommends the appropriate LPWA solutions for a</div><div>wide range of IoT application and service use cases. Opportunities created by these technologies in the</div><div>market are also analyzed. The latest research efforts to investigate and improve the operation of LPWA</div><div>networks are also compared and classified to enable researchers to quickly get up to speed on the current</div><div>status of this technology. Finally, challenges facing LPWA are identified and directions for future research</div><div>are recommended.</div>

A Low Energy Clustering Routing Protocol Based on the Partition

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 2707-2710
Author(s):  
Jing Feng Xu ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
Qi Lu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Topology Control ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Hierarchical Topology ◽  
Leach Protocol

In wireless sensor network (WSN), LEACH protocol is a typical representative of the hierarchical topology control protocol. Compared to plane multiple hops routing protocol, it can significantly prolong the life cycle of the network. But LEACH protocol having the problem of uneven distribution at the cluster head election, this paper proposes a low energy adaptive clustering routing protocol based on the partition. On the basis of the partition, cluster heads are selected by the energy of nodes and their location information. Simulation experiments show that the proposed protocol can be more effective than LEACH to balance the energy and improve the life cycle of the network.

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