scholarly journals Effects of conflict, displacement, and migration on the health of refugee and conflict-stricken populations in the Middle East

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Selma Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Living Conditions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Migration

<p dir="ltr">The global refugee crisis has reached an all-time high, with over 68 million innocent people forced to flee their homes due to violence, famine, governmental instability, or genocide. As a result of the struggles and traumas encountered by war and migration, millions of refugees suffer from acute and life-threatening physical and mental health illnesses. However, these diseases and internal-battles are often overlooked, leaving most conflict-stricken countries and refugee camps ill-equipped and unable to cope. Rather than settling into more humane and healthy living conditions, upon migration, most refugees are faced with realities that deny them <br /> a dignified and fulfilling life. More often than not, refugee camps and host countries accommodate a deplorable lifestyle that provides minimal and inadequate health-care, extreme and life-threatening poverty, and inhumane and unsanitary living conditions-exasperating the rate and risk of morbidity and mortality amongst refugee populations. This research paper aims to analyze the harsh conditions that refugees and conflict-stricken populations are currently forced to endure, as well as the effects of those conditions on the spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases, <br /> the development and growth of neonatal disorders, and the overall rise in mental illness. The paper also aims to suggest specific measures that can be taken in order to prevent the increase in morbidity and mortality rates amongst vulnerable refugee populations and recommend steps that international bodies and non-governmental organizations can take in order to solve the refugee health crisis.</p>

scholarly journals COVID-19 and its threat to refugees in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Emery Manirambona ◽  
Laura Wilkins ◽  
Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Refugee Community ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Data Driven Decisions

Although it is widely accepted that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the Global South’s most vulnerable refugee communities, they have received little attention. There have been gaps in testing, which is fundamental to treat and isolate patients and make data-driven decisions to protect the refugee community. Therefore, it is imperative to holistically implement policies to curtail COVID-19 in refugee camps to ensure that refugees are safe and protected from the pandemic. Processes for timely diagnosis and treatment, quick isolation and contact tracing are essential to keep refugees safe. Furthermore, it is crucial to encourage protective behaviours and raise awareness about hygiene and social prevention to dampen disease transmission. Refugees in the Global South have been disproportionately affected by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, facing financial hardship and social injustice throughout. Refugees in Africa have also faced threats to their security, being subjected to torture, disappearance, or even killings in their host countries. The pandemic has exposed gender inequalities, with females being the most affected, and health inequities in the refugee community in Africa. There is a need for international organizations like the African Union, United Nations (UN) agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders to take serious action regarding the refugee situation in Africa. Food aid for refugees in Africa should be increased as quickly as possible and refugees’ security must be guaranteed. Of equal importance, there must be justice for the death or disappearance of refugees. It is imperative to end discrimination against refugees and support the promotion of gender equity.

scholarly journals International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOS) and Their Impact on The Democratization of Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saied Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Conference Proceedings ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
End Of History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Impact

The paper examines the impact of INGOs on the democratization of developing countries. Following the &lsquo;end of history,&rsquo; the INGOs multiplied globally, and the number of aids to developing countries was given through them in billions of dollars in the past three decades. It is envisaged that with the increase in their population, the developing countries will be better off with a standard form of living that is attributable to standard democratization. However, despite the billions of dollars spent, the citizens of the developing countries are still worse in poverty, poor leadership, and corruption. On the contrary, some countries, including Nigeria, are threatening legislation that will curtail the INGOs, sighting their opacity and lack of tangible results as reasons. The research used Nigeria as a case study to analyze the methods, approaches, and the capacity of these INGOs and how they affect the democratization of their host countries. Through a review of existing records, non-participatory observations, and reviews of conference proceedings. The paper analyzed the parallel gaps that exist by arguing that, taking a broad, multi-disciplinary method from the various works of literature studied will provide essential conceptual and practical insights that can inform current debates.

scholarly journals Innovative strategies for providing menstruation-supportive water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities: learning from refugee camps in Cox’s bazar, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Schmitt ◽  
Olivia R. Wood ◽  
David Clatworthy ◽  
Sabina Faiz Rashid ◽  
Marni Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Female Beneficiary

Abstract Background There is growing attention to addressing the menstrual hygiene management (MHM) needs of the over 21 million displaced adolescent girls and women globally. Current approaches to MHM-related humanitarian programming often prioritize the provision of menstrual materials and information. However, a critical component of an MHM response includes the construction and maintenance of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities, including more female-friendly toilets. This enables spaces for menstruating girls and women to change, dispose, wash and dry menstrual materials; all of which are integral tasks required for MHM. A global assessment identified a number of innovations focused on designing and implementing menstruation-supportive WASH facilities in the Rohingya refugee camps located in Cox’s Bazar (CXB), Bangladesh. These pilot efforts strove to include the use of more participatory methodologies in the process of developing the new MHM-supportive WASH approaches. This study aimed to capture new approaches and practical insights on innovating menstrual disposal, waste management and laundering in emergency contexts through the conduct of a qualitative assessment in CXB. Methods The qualitative assessment was conducted in the Rohingya refugee camps in CXB in September of 2019 to capture new approaches and practical insights on innovating for menstrual disposal, waste management and laundering. This included Key Informant Interviews with 19 humanitarian response staff from the WASH and Protection sectors of a range of non-governmental organizations and UN agencies; Focus Group Discussions with 47 Rohingya adolescent girls and women; and direct observations of 8 WASH facilities (toilets, bathing, and laundering spaces). Results Key findings included: one, the identification of new female-driven consultation methods aimed at improving female beneficiary involvement and buy-in during the design and construction phases; two, the design of new multi-purpose WASH facilities to increase female beneficiary usage; three, new menstrual waste disposal innovations being piloted in communal and institutional settings, with female users indicating at least initial acceptability; and four, novel strategies for engaging male beneficiaries in the design of female WASH facilities, including promoting dialogue to generate buy-in regarding the importance of these facilities and debate about their placement. Conclusions Although the identified innovative participatory methodologies and design approaches are promising, the long term viability of the facilities, including plans to expand them, may be dependent on the continued engagement of girls and women, and the availability of resources.

scholarly journals Innovative Strategies For Providing Menstruation-Supportive Water, Sanitation And Hygiene (Wash) Facilities: Learning From Refugee Camps In Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L Schmitt ◽  
Olivia R. Wood ◽  
David Clatworthy ◽  
Sabina Faiz Rashid ◽  
Marni Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Female Beneficiary

Abstract Background: There is growing attention to addressing the menstrual hygiene management (MHM) needs of the over 21 million displaced adolescent girls and women globally. Current approaches to MHM-related humanitarian programming often prioritize the provision of menstrual materials and information. However, a critical component of an MHM response includes the construction and maintenance of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities, including more female-friendly toilets. This enables spaces for menstruating girls and women to change, dispose, wash and dry menstrual materials; all of which are integral tasks required for MHM. A global assessment identified a number of innovations focused on designing and implementing menstruation-supportive WASH facilities in the refugee camps located in Cox’s Bazar (CXB), Bangladesh. These pilot efforts strove to include the use of more participatory methodologies in the process of developing the new MHM-supportive WASH approaches.Methods: A qualitative assessment was conducted in the Rohingya refugee camps in CXB in September of 2019 to capture new approaches and practical insights on innovating for menstrual disposal, waste management and laundering. This included Key Informant Interviews with 19 humanitarian response staff from the WASH and Protection sectors of a range of non-governmental organizations and UN agencies; Focus Group Discussions with 47 Rohingya adolescent girls and women; and direct observations of 8 WASH facilities (toilets, bathing, and laundering spaces).Results: Key findings included one, the identification of new female-driven consultation methods aimed at improving female beneficiary involvement and buy-in during the design and construction phases; two, the design of new multi-purpose WASH facilities to increase female beneficiary usage; three, new menstrual waste disposal innovations being piloted in communal and institutional settings, with female users indicating at least initial acceptability; and four, novel strategies for engaging male beneficiaries in the design of female WASH facilities, including promoting dialogue to generate buy-in regarding the importance of these facilities and debate about their placement.Conclusions: Although the identified innovative participatory methodologies and design approaches are promising, the long term viability of the facilities, including plans to expand them, may be dependent on the continued engagement of girls and women, and the availability of resources.

scholarly journals Sahrawi Refugees in Algeria: How Do “The People in Exile” Live?

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-255
Author(s):  
E. I. Smeshko
Keyword(s):  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Islamic Identity ◽  
Political Settlement

The article is devoted to the study of the conditions of life of the Sahrawi people who live in refugee camps in Algeria since 1970s due to the Western Sahara conflict. The process of political settlement of the Western Sahara conflict has been de facto suspended, however the situation in the Sahrawi refugee camps remains unstable and requires new solutions and international cooperation. The article provides a historical overview of the emergence of the refugee camps in Tindouf and examines existing mechanisms for international supporting the Sahrawi people. The author tends to analyze activities of the UN system organizations and agencies. Annual events within the framework of the FiSahara Film Festival to support Sahrawi are reported. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Islam in Sahrawi society and the possibilities to benefit from the Islamic identity of the Sahrawi people to the Islamic cooperation and helping for refugees from Muslimmajority states. It is shown that the authorities of the unrecognized Sahara Arab Democratic Republic (the front POLISARIO) create the image of the secular Sahrawi community to overcome Islamophobia and receive humanitarian aid from a wide range of non-governmental organizations, including Christian and secular ones. At the same time, the true religious component of refugees’ life is hidden from the international community.

scholarly journals The more you have, the less you give? Prospective donation behavior for COVID-19 causes

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Keyword(s):  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Donation Behavior ◽  
Emotional Value ◽  
Donation Activity ◽  
Age Range

Donation behavior is essential for non-profit organizations, especially during a health crisis, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The present study explored a series of associated factors of donor behavior, such as age, gender, income, education, and cause-related factors, in a sample of Romanian adults (N= 168, age range 20-78 years old, 77% females). Our analyses suggested that the fundraising cause's emotional value, along with the fundraiser's public and personal implications, were the most relevant motivational factors for the donor’s behavior. Age, income, and educational level were significantly associated with self-reported donation activity. In essence, younger participants with lower incomes and educational levels reported donating more money to NGOs, mostly to education-related causes. Finally, in a prospective donation task for one of the current COVID-19 related Non-Governmental Organizations’ campaigns, results suggested that a) the higher the income, the lower the probability of donating, and b) the fundraising type of cause was significantly associated with prospective donation behavior. People who usually donated more to medical causes were the most likely to engage in altruistic behavior for coronavirus pandemicrelated issues. We discuss these preliminary results within the current coronavirus crisis and potential implications for both the non-profit and governmental sectors.

scholarly journals The Role of Non-governmental Organizations in Community-based COVID-19 Education: A Qualitative Study in South Africa and Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Johnston ◽  
Kelly Zhang Aluri ◽  
Kira-Leigh Kuhnert ◽  
Nophiwe Job ◽  
Charles Prober
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundEnsuring access to accurate and actionable health information is crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in low-resource settings. Among marginalized groups, there are disparities in access to information, along with significant mistrust of government sources. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in community-level health education can play an important role in bridging mistrust and targeting information to reach vulnerable populations. There is a lack of research on the experiences and needs of organizations involved in disseminating health information during the pandemic. MethodsThis study uses a qualitative approach to investigate the current strategies, challenges, and needs of community-based organizations involved in COVID-19 public education. From May to June 2020, we conducted 19 semi-structured interviews with leaders of organizations in South Africa and Zambia. Participants were asked a series of open-ended questions in three domains: 1) the impact of the pandemic on the communities served by the organization, 2) their COVID-19 response, and 3) organization needs and challenges during the pandemic. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis. Coding and analysis were conducted by four study authors and every interview was independently coded by 2 separate authors to maximize internal validity and consistency.Results5 themes relevant to the roles and challenges of locally active NGO’s were identified: (1) they intimately understand community needs during the pandemic; (2) they adapt to pandemic constraints to continue supporting vulnerable populations; (3) they play a unique role in educating the public about COVID-19 due to established access and trust within communities; (4) they are able to customize health education and information to address nuanced needs of local communities served; and (5) they need external support to effectively respond to the pandemic.ConclusionsOverall, our study contributes a deeper understanding of the role of NGOs in providing needed support and customized health education for vulnerable communities during a global public health crisis. To maximize their ability to support their communities, NGO’s would benefit from access to educational resources designed to be easily modified, support in navigating technological and safety challenges during the pandemic, and sustainable funding.

Crime in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Socio-Economic, Sociocultural and Migration Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-95
Author(s):  
Dauren Zhampeissov ◽  
Duman Zhampeissov
Keyword(s):  
Information Service ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Migration Factors ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Migration

The article discusses the problematic issues of preventing crimes committed by both international and internal migrants in the Republic of Kazakhstan, analyzes the causes and conditions that contribute to the commission of crimes by migrants, draws conclusions and provides recommendations for the development of new ways and means of preventing crime of migrants. The authors analyze the official statistics of migrant crime over the past three years (2017–2019) through the Information Service of the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Accounts of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan and pointed out the need for more detailed regulation of some quantitative and qualitative indicators of statistical information. It is concluded that it is necessary to differentiate statistics on criminal offenses committed by migrants. The authors substantiate the important role of improving the moral and legal culture of the population by involving the media and non-governmental organizations as a measure to prevent the crime of migrants. In order to reduce the crime rate of migrants, measures are needed that create favorable socio-economic conditions and a positive moral climate in society. Among the criminologically significant factors in the crime of migrants, the presence of negative phenomena, such as the existence of corruption in government bodies, is indicated. The authors propose to approve the temporary registration of migrants, which would be necessary when receiving various services and social assistance, and not an obligation, in case of violation of which legal liability arises.

Thailand

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (S1) ◽  
pp. 58-60
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The People ◽  
Displaced People

The delegates concentrated particularly on monitoring living conditions of the people whom the various resistance factions had brought back into Cambodia, and, as in the past, concerned themselves with the situation in the camps for displaced people. The ICRC noted signs, especially towards the end of the year, that more of the camp populations accessible to international and non-governmental organizations were at risk of being forcibly shifted to Cambodia.

The Bioarchaeology of Health Crisis: Infectious Disease in the Past

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark Spencer Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

Beginning some 10,000 years ago, humans began a dramatic alteration in living conditions relating especially to the shift in lifeway from foraging to farming. In addition to the initiation of and increasing focus on the production and consumption of domesticated plant carbohydrates, this revolutionary transformation in diet occasioned a decline in mobility and an increased size and agglomeration of populations in semipermanent or permanent settlements. These changes in life conditions presented an opportunity for increased transmission of pathogenic microbes from host to host, such as those that cause major health threats affecting most of the 7.5 billion members of our species today. This article discusses the bioarchaeology of infectious disease, focusing on tuberculosis, treponematosis, dental caries, and periodontitis, all of which continue to contribute to high levels of morbidity and mortality among the world's populations today.

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