scholarly journals Skull asymmetries in wild boar (Sus scrofa LINNAEUS, 1758)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. e150704
Author(s):  
Pere M. Parés-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Left And Right

Organisms can develop different kinds of asymmetry when deviations from expected perfect symmetry occur. Among others are fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). FA represents small random differences between corresponding parts on the left and right sides of an individual in bilaterally paired structures. It is thought that FA reflects an organism’s ability to cope with genetic and environmental stress during growth. DA occurs whenever one side on the plane of symmetry develops more than the other side, and has a genetic component. In this research, we examined the expression of morphological symmetry in 38 skulls of different age groups of wild boar (Sus scrofa), on their ventral aspect, using two-dimensional coordinates of 27 landmarks. Analyses showed the presence of significant FA and DA in the entire sample, detecting also distinctive differences between age groups. The obtained results show that the shape differences in different age groups could reasonably be a consequence of a response to environmental factors for FA and a masticatory lateralization for DA.

scholarly journals Existence of mandibular directional asymmetry in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 228-232
Author(s):  
P. Parés-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetric Structure ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
European Wild Boar ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction and material and methods. We studied a sample of 37 dentulous dry mandibles from European wild board (Sus scrofa) and compared both the right and left sides in their dorsal aspect. To study the influence of age, the samples were grouped according to dental status: “subadults” (erupting 3rd M, n=22) and “adults” (fully erupted 3rd M, n=15). Individual levels of asymmetry were analysed from x- and y-coordinates of the 16 landmarks on the dorsal aspect of the mandible. Results. The analysis separated directional asymmetry (one side of the body with a larger character value than the other) and fluctuating asymmetry (small random deviations from perfect symmetry), which were both found to be significant. Conclusion. The condylar ramus was the most asymmetric structure for both age groups.

scholarly journals No Directional Scapular Asymmetry among Tamarines of the Genus Saguinus (Primates: Callitrichidae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
P. M. Parés- Casanova ◽  
J. F. Vélez- García
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Lateral Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Left Scapula

Bilateral asymmetry is defined as a deviation of a whole organism or a part of it from a perfect symmetry, and different categories can be recognized. One is the fluctuating asymmetry, defined as the random developmental variation of a trait (or character) that is expected to be perfectly symmetrical on average, and the other one is directional asymmetry, which occurs when one of the sides shows stronger morphological structures or marks than the other. The aim of this study was to determine the kind of scapula asymmetry in Saguinus scapulae. On lateral surface of each right and left scapula, a set of 5 landmarks and 3 curves with semi-landmarks along the margins, on a sample of 16 pairs from different Saguinus species, were considered. Asymmetries (fluctuating and directional) on size and shape of the scapulae were analysed by means of geometric morphometric methods. Directional asymmetry was not detected, demonstrating no side scapular shape bias. The absence of significant directional asymmetry may indicate a similar contralateral pattern of employment of the shoulder, at least for one-arm vertical suspension, as it needs stronger forces than those for terrestrial locomotion and thus would cause more asymmetry in case side loadings were different. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation on the symmetrical/asymmetrical nature of scapulae in Saguinus. Our findings increase knowledge and understanding of humeral joint and arboreal locomotion in primates.

From individual to collective vigilance in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Quenette ◽  
Jean-François Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Variability ◽  
Proximate Causation ◽  
Vigilance Behaviour ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Vigilance behaviour of captive wild boars at feeding points was investigated using films. Results show that individual vigilance decreased with increasing group size, especially between solitary individuals and groups of 2. Moreover, the collective vigilance was, whatever the group size, below the individual vigilance in solitary animals. The study of the motor variability of vigilance behaviour allows three types of movement to be distinguished. The mean durations of each type vary largely, but are almost constant whatever the group size. On the other hand, the relative proportions of the vigilance acts change according to group size. Although previous studies of vigilance are in keeping with the functional approach of behaviour, these data are interpreted in terms of proximate causation. A mechanism based on allelomimesis is proposed to explain the results.

The effects of location and layout of offices on perceptual evaluations of users

Facilities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Yıldırım ◽  
Mehmet Lutfi Hidayetoglu ◽  
Sinem Serap Unuvar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Environmental Factors

Purpose This paper aims to focus on determining the effects of location of closed offices on the front facade, rear facade and side facade plans and the indoor layout (left and right users’ cabinets) on perceptual evaluations of users of physical environmental factors. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the responses of 54 academic users who use the Gazi University Technology Faculty Taskent Building offices were taken with the help of a survey. Findings As a result, it was determined that office users on the front and side facades generally perceived more positively the offices’ environmental factors than office users on the back facade. In addition, it was determined that offices with storage cabinets located to the right of users (Type A) were perceived more positively than storage cabinets located to the left of users (Type B). On the other hand, it was determined that users between the ages of 25–45 who used closed offices generally perceived the physical environmental factors of offices more positively than users between the ages of 46 and 65. Originality/value Especially the location of the building, the landscaping, the plan of the rooms and the landscape to which they are directed are major design decisions that cannot be controlled by employees. Therefore, it is necessary to know the positive/negative effects that may occur during use before making design decisions.

scholarly journals Prevalence of antibodies against leptospires in the wild boar (Sus scrofa L., 1758)

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Treml ◽  
J. Pikula ◽  
Z. Holešovská
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females

A total of 307 blood sera of the wild boar from different localities of the Břeclav district (Czech Repub­lic) were examined in 1999 to 2002. Antibodies against leptospires were found in 16.9% of blood sera examined. The incidence of antibodies in the wild boar varied both in individual years (26.1, 5.3, 25.0 and 12.0%, respectively) and age categories (7.8, 17.3 and 35.7%, respectively) with older individuals being more often positive. There were found no differences in relation to sex (18.2 and 15.0% of positives in males and females, respectively). Positive reactions at low titres (i.e., 100 and 200) predominated in 71.3%. Higher titres (3 200) were only exceptionally found in older individuals (3.8%). All positive reactions concerned only the L. grippotyphosa serotype (100%). The other 11 serotypes tested were negative. On the basis of the results it can be stated that the wild boar is susceptible to infection by leptospires and the occurrence of specific antibodies correlates to a large extent with the presence of leptospires in the environment. In our opinion, the wild boar could be used for purposes of monitoring natural foci of leptospirosis.

Human and environmental factors driving Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Lizana ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Ana Muniesa ◽  
Óscar Cabezón ◽  
Alba Martí-Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Two Forms of the Chaperonin GRO EL

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
J.L. Carrascosa ◽  
G. Abella ◽  
S. Marco ◽  
M. Muyal ◽  
J.M. Carazo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Series Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Morphogenetic Factors ◽  
Tilt Series

Chaperonins are a class of proteins characterized by their role as morphogenetic factors. They trantsiently interact with the structural components of certain biological aggregates (viruses, enzymes etc), promoting their correct folding, assembly and, eventually transport. The groEL factor from E. coli is a conspicuous member of the chaperonins, as it promotes the assembly and morphogenesis of bacterial oligomers and/viral structures.We have studied groEL-like factors from two different bacteria:E. coli and B.subtilis. These factors share common morphological features , showing two different views: one is 6-fold, while the other shows 7 morphological units. There is also a correlation between the presence of a dominant 6-fold view and the fact of both bacteria been grown at low temperature (32°C), while the 7-fold is the main view at higher temperatures (42°C). As the two-dimensional projections of groEL were difficult to interprete, we studied their three-dimensional reconstruction by the random conical tilt series method from negatively stained particles.

Polymer-Graphene Nanoassemblies and their Applications in Cancer Theranostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1340-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnurengam M. Sivakumar ◽  
Matin Islami ◽  
Ali Zarrabi ◽  
Arezoo Khosravi ◽  
Shohreh Peimanfard
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Cancer Theranostics

Background and objective: Graphene-based nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their unique physical-chemical properties including two-dimensional planar structure, large surface area, chemical and mechanical stability, superconductivity and good biocompatibility. On the other hand, graphene-based nanomaterials have been explored as theranostics agents, the combination of therapeutics and diagnostics. In recent years, grafting hydrophilic polymer moieties have been introduced as an efficient approach to improve the properties of graphene-based nanomaterials and obtain new nanoassemblies for cancer therapy. Methods and results: This review would illustrate biodistribution, cellular uptake and toxicity of polymergraphene nanoassemblies and summarize part of successes achieved in cancer treatment using such nanoassemblies. Conclusion: The observations showed successful targeting functionality of the polymer-GO conjugations and demonstrated a reduction of the side effects of anti-cancer drugs for normal tissues.

scholarly journals On the Kirchhoff-Love Hypothesis (Revised and Vindicated)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Ozenda ◽  
Epifanio G. Virga
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Dimension Reduction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Energy Functional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variational Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Elastic Plates ◽  
Kinematic Constraint ◽  
Free Energy Functional

AbstractThe Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis expresses a kinematic constraint that is assumed to be valid for the deformations of a three-dimensional body when one of its dimensions is much smaller than the other two, as is the case for plates. This hypothesis has a long history checkered with the vicissitudes of life: even its paternity has been questioned, and recent rigorous dimension-reduction tools (based on standard $\varGamma $ Γ -convergence) have proven to be incompatible with it. We find that an appropriately revised version of the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis is a valuable means to derive a two-dimensional variational model for elastic plates from a three-dimensional nonlinear free-energy functional. The bending energies thus obtained for a number of materials also show to contain measures of stretching of the plate’s mid surface (alongside the expected measures of bending). The incompatibility with standard $\varGamma $ Γ -convergence also appears to be removed in the cases where contact with that method and ours can be made.

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