From individual to collective vigilance in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Quenette ◽  
Jean-François Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Variability ◽  
Proximate Causation ◽  
Vigilance Behaviour ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Vigilance behaviour of captive wild boars at feeding points was investigated using films. Results show that individual vigilance decreased with increasing group size, especially between solitary individuals and groups of 2. Moreover, the collective vigilance was, whatever the group size, below the individual vigilance in solitary animals. The study of the motor variability of vigilance behaviour allows three types of movement to be distinguished. The mean durations of each type vary largely, but are almost constant whatever the group size. On the other hand, the relative proportions of the vigilance acts change according to group size. Although previous studies of vigilance are in keeping with the functional approach of behaviour, these data are interpreted in terms of proximate causation. A mechanism based on allelomimesis is proposed to explain the results.

scholarly journals Skull asymmetries in wild boar (Sus scrofa LINNAEUS, 1758)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. e150704
Author(s):  
Pere M. Parés-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Left And Right

Organisms can develop different kinds of asymmetry when deviations from expected perfect symmetry occur. Among others are fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). FA represents small random differences between corresponding parts on the left and right sides of an individual in bilaterally paired structures. It is thought that FA reflects an organism’s ability to cope with genetic and environmental stress during growth. DA occurs whenever one side on the plane of symmetry develops more than the other side, and has a genetic component. In this research, we examined the expression of morphological symmetry in 38 skulls of different age groups of wild boar (Sus scrofa), on their ventral aspect, using two-dimensional coordinates of 27 landmarks. Analyses showed the presence of significant FA and DA in the entire sample, detecting also distinctive differences between age groups. The obtained results show that the shape differences in different age groups could reasonably be a consequence of a response to environmental factors for FA and a masticatory lateralization for DA.

On the capture of interstellar matter by stars

1940 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. d'E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Radial Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Compelling Reason ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Capture Radius

The derivation given by Hoyle and Lyttleton for an accretion formula proposed by them is examined. A number of arguments against its validity are put forward, especially that on the one hand their capture radius depends on the theorem that if the velocity of certain masses of gas after collision is less than the velocity of escape at the point, they will not in fact escape, while on the other hand it is clear (and is now admitted) that the gas cannot in fact move with this velocity at all. It is also shown that since, ex hypothesi, the individual molecules will all, on the average, retain their hyperbolic velocities, there is not the compelling reason for their capture that there appeared to be in Hoyle and Lyttleton's argument, where only the mean radial velocity of the centre of gravity of the mass was considered. Further, it seems improbable that the temperature of the interstellar matter can be low enough for the initial assumptions of their theory to hold.

EFFECT OF AMPICILLIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE EXCRETION OF TWELVE OESTROGENS IN PREGNANCY URINE

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Adlercreutz ◽  
F. Martin ◽  
M. J. Tikkanen ◽  
M. Pulkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
Pregnancy Urine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The excretion of twelve oestrogens in urine, pooled daily from a group of pregnant women, was determined before, during and after ampicillin administration (2 g/day, for 3 days). On the second day of ampicillin administration total oestrogen excretion fell to 67 % of the mean control value, oestriol excretion to 69% and that of the other eleven individual oestrogens to an average of 62 % of the mean control values. In general, on the third day of treatment and on the two post-treatment days this decrease tended to be corrected. The patterns of change in the urinary levels of the individual metabolites provided no clear lead to the basic mechanism of ampicillin impairment of oestrogen excretion. However, as the drug affected all their excretion in more or less the same way as it did that of oestriol, it is possible that ampicillin interferes primarily with their enterohepatic circulation in the mother as has been established with reasonable certainty in the case of oestriol.

SERUM GAMMA GLOBULIN LEVELS IN NORMAL INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-584
Author(s):  
O. Orlandini T. ◽  
A. Sass-Kortsak ◽  
J. H. Ebbs
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Decay Curve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Breast Fed

Changes of serum gamma globulin levels with age are described in a group of 140 normal infants from birth to 2 years of age. The mean cord blood level of gamma globulin is significantly higher than the level in the mother's blood. This relation is, however, by no means constant in the individual pairs, as one-third of the 28 pairs showed the opposite relationship. The gamma globulin level drops soon after birth, reaching about one-third of the birth value at 1 month of age. After very little change between 1 and 3 months, the levels start to rise and adult values are closely approximated by 2 years of age. Breast-fed newborns show as rapid a decrease in gamma globulin levels as do artificially fed newborns. Colostrum does not, therefore, seem to contribute significantly to the serum gamma globulin levels in humans. The above described changes in serum gamma globulin levels with age appear to be different in direction, timing, and extent, from changes observed in the other serum protein fractions. The decrease of serum gamma globulin in the first month of life has the characteristics of a simple exponential decay. Comparison of this decay curve with that of passively acquired antibodies, and consideration of available data on gamma globulin turnover rates, warrant the hypothesis that there is practically no gamma globulin formation in the first month of life.

Wild boar density drives Metastrongylus infection in earthworm

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Nagy ◽  
Ágnes Csivincsik ◽  
László Sugár
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Larval Infection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Earthworm Populations

AbstractLarvae of Metastrongylus spp. lungworms infect wild boar (Sus scrofa) definitive hosts through earthworms (Lumbricidae). We compared the abundance and Metastrongylus spp. larval infection measures of earthworms between two areas (both in Zselic, Hungary, 2012) characterized by markedly different wild boar population densities. Estimated wild boar density was 0.03 animal/ha in free range area and 1.03 animal/ha in enclosure. The mean abundance of earthworm populations (mostly Allolobophora, Aporrectodea, and Lumbricus spp.) was assessed by analysing 140-140 soil samples. The assesment of Metastrongylus spp. larval infection measures was based on cca 100-100 earthworms derived from the two areas. The abundance of earthworms and their Metastrongylus spp. larval infection measures (prevalence and mean intensity) were significantly lower in the free range than in the enclosure. Furthermore, using a finer scale within the enclosure, we compared wild boar feeding sites (n = 30) to other sites (n = 75). Earthworm populations were significantly more abundant and carried significantly more prevalent and more abundant larval lungworm infections at the former sites. These results suggest that high wild boar density and forage supplementation in enclosures increase both the abundance and the larval Metastrongylus infections of earthworms

scholarly journals The Sonority Sequencing Principle and the Structure of Slovak Consonant Clusters

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual

The Sonority Sequencing Principle and the Structure of Slovak Consonant ClustersIn line with the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP), the centre of the syllable is the most sonorous sound and the sonority of the other segments in the syllable drops towards the syllable edges. Nevertheless, in many languages, there are syllable onsets and codas that violate this principle of sonority. Following the functional approach proposed by Jerzy Kuryłowicz, types of word/syllable-initial and word/syllable-final clusters in standard Slovak were delimited. A sonority-based analysis of those clusters revealed that almost 40% of the common initial consonant sequences violate the SSP. The situation with the final clusters is similar. These findings indicate that the creation of consonant clusters in a language does not depend solely on the sonority of the individual segments but also follows other phonological and/or perceptual regularities connected with the process of communication. Zasada sekwencji sonorności a struktura zbitek spółgłoskowych w języku słowackimZgodnie z zasadą sekwencji sonorności (Sonority Sequencing Principle, SSP) jądro sylaby jest dźwiękiem o najwyższej sonorności, a sonorność pozostałych segmentów sylaby maleje wraz z odległością od jądra. Niemniej jednak w wielu językach występują nagłosy i wygłosy, które naruszają tę zasadę. Przyjmując podejście funkcjonalne zaproponowane przez Jerzego Kuryłowicza, wyróżniono typy zbitek w nagłosie i wygłosie w standardowym języku słowackim. Ich analiza pod względem sonorności wykazała, że prawie 40% sekwencji powszechnie występujących w nagłosie narusza zasadę sekwencji sonorności. W przypadku wygłosu wynik był podobny. Ustalenia te wskazują, że tworzenie zbitek spółgłoskowych nie zależy wyłącznie od sonorności poszczególnych segmentów, ale również od innych prawidłowości fonologicznych i/lub percepcyjnych związanych z procesem komunikacji.

The Effectiveness of Hunting Dogs for Removing Feral Pigs (Sus Scrofa).

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Caley ◽  
B Ottley
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Of Success ◽  
Small Team

The effectiveness of a small team of hunting dogs for removing feral pigs was examined in relation to group size of feral pigs encountered and the population density of pigs being hunted. Hunting dogs were successful on 88% of occasions of catching or cornering solitary pigs when encountered. This rate of success rapidly declined as the group size of encountered pigs increased, with the mean maximum number of pigs that could be caught or cornered in any one encounter estimated to be about one pig per dog. The sex ratio of mature pigs obtained from a hunted sample showed a significant bias ( X*2 = 4.3,d.f. = 1, P< 0.05) towards catching more males (M: F = 1.6: 1.0). One team of hunting dogs removed 22 of an estimated 79 pigs inhabiting a 94-km*2 area at a rate of 0.6 pigs h-*1 in 35 h of hunting. It is concluded that hunting with dogs is an effective way for removing residual pigs after densities have been reduced by other forms of control.

scholarly journals Diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns of invasive Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Saskatchewan, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Stolle ◽  
Floris M. Van Beest ◽  
Eric Vander Wal ◽  
Ryan K. Brook
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
Trail Cameras ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is invasive in western Canada and poses a significant ecological and socio-economic threat over much of the country. We sought to quantify their presence and to determine when they are most active and whether their activity patterns are influenced by group size. Digital trail cameras (n = 18) were placed in a stratified design in the four most dominant habitat types of central Saskatchewan, Canada, and activated between December 2011 and June 2013 for a total of 5715 trap-days. In 71,175 photographs, we obtained 22 individual visits of Wild Boars to the trail cameras. We found no differences in activity between night (1900–0700; 59% of all detections) and day (0701–1859; 41% of detections), and we did not detect any effect of group size. Ongoing monitoring will be required to determine changing activity patterns in response to changing hunting pressure as Wild Boar continue to expand across Canada.

Individual EPSPs produced by single triceps surae Ia afferent fibers in homonymous and heteronymous motoneurons

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Scott ◽  
L. M. Mendell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
The Other ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Relative Location ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Epsp Amplitude ◽  
Ia Afferent ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

1. The individual EPSPs evoked by the action of single Ia fibers from cat triceps surae (MG, LG, SOL) were recorded in homonymous and heteronymous motoneurons innervating these same three muscles. 2. In general, Ia fibers projected to a greater percentage of homonymous than heteronymous motoneurons. One class of Ia afferent evoked EPSPs in virtually all homonymous motoneurons; the other had a substantially lower projection frequency. Possible difficulties introduced by the limited resolution of the averaging technique are discussed. 3. Individual EPSPs were larger on the average if evoked a) in SOL rather than in MG or LG motoneurons, b) by LG rather than by MG or SOL afferent fibers, or c) in homonymous rather than in heteronymous motoneurons. The mean EPSP was larger in homonymous than in heteronymous motoneurons because the largest EPSPs (greater than 150 muV) were found mainly in homonymous motoneurons. 4. Rise times of EPSPs were only slightly shorter in homonymous than in heteronymous motoneurons, suggesting that other factors besides relative location of Ia terminals account for the observed EPSP amplitude differences. Rise times in SOL motoneurons were longer than those in MG or LG. 5. LG afferent fibers tended to produce larger EPSPs in rostral than in caudal LG motoneurons, and MG afferents produced larger EPSPs in caudal than in rostral MG motoneurons. These spatial effects were in accord with the more rostral entry of LG than MG Ia afferents into the spinal cord. The differential projection of SOL afferents to MG and SOL motoneurons which overlap spatially in the spinal cord suggests a species specificity in addition to a location specificity.

scholarly journals Prevalence of antibodies against leptospires in the wild boar (Sus scrofa L., 1758)

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Treml ◽  
J. Pikula ◽  
Z. Holešovská
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females

A total of 307 blood sera of the wild boar from different localities of the Břeclav district (Czech Repub&shy;lic) were examined in 1999 to 2002. Antibodies against leptospires were found in 16.9% of blood sera examined. The incidence of antibodies in the wild boar varied both in individual years (26.1, 5.3, 25.0 and 12.0%, respectively) and age categories (7.8, 17.3 and 35.7%, respectively) with older individuals being more often positive. There were found no differences in relation to sex (18.2 and 15.0% of positives in males and females, respectively). Positive reactions at low titres (i.e., 100 and 200) predominated in 71.3%. Higher titres (3 200) were only exceptionally found in older individuals (3.8%). All positive reactions concerned only the L. grippotyphosa serotype (100%). The other 11 serotypes tested were negative. On the basis of the results it can be stated that the wild boar is susceptible to infection by leptospires and the occurrence of specific antibodies correlates to a large extent with the presence of leptospires in the environment. In our opinion, the wild boar could be used for purposes of monitoring natural foci of leptospirosis.

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