Abstract P083: Sodium Content Of Menu And Commissary Provisions In Rural Jail Exceed Heart-healthy Dietary Recommendations

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Kuss ◽  
Nanette Lopez ◽  
Shakia T Hardy ◽  
Ricky L Camplain
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Reference Intake ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
County Jail ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Incarcerated Populations ◽  
Total Sodium

Introduction: Incarcerated populations experience nearly two times the risk of Hypertension (HT) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) relative to the general population. Incarcerated individuals lack the autonomy to make dietary changes to attenuate these risks. Dietary intake of sodium is considered the most critical and modifiable nutritional determinant to developing HT and CVD. The American Heart Association recommends the cardioprotective Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet which restricts sodium intake to 1500 mg per day, 800 mg less than the recommended Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). Nutrition in jail is obtained through menu provisions and purchasable packaged food and beverage items from the commissary, yet previous research indicating the high sodium content in jail meals has failed to include commissary items in total sodium intake. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that estimated daily sodium in a 7 day cycle menu and commissary items at a county jail exceed DRI and DASH diet recommendations. Methods: A 7 day cycle menu and commissary food list were obtained from a southwest rural county jail, which included 3 daily meals. Commissary items included 4 purchasable, pre-bundled food snack packs. NutriCalc Dietary Analysis software was used to determine sodium content for each meal, and commissary snack pack. Total sodium from the 7 day menu was divided by the number of days (7) to determine a daily average. For snack pack analyses, sodium of each of the 4 snack packs was added to the 7 day menu provisions and divided by 7, individually. All estimates were compared to DRI and DASH recommendations. Results: The sodium content from the menu and commissary significantly exceeded both DRI and DASH recommendations. The daily average sodium from menu provisions was 167% (3847/2300) of the DRI and 256% (3847/1500) of the DASH diet recommendations. Lunch provisions contributed the largest proportion (45%, 12051/26931) of total weekly sodium. When sodium from commissary snack packs was included with the 7 day cycle menu, daily average sodium content ranged from 173 to 292% [(3971/2300) to ( 6712/2300)] of DRI and 265 to 447% [(3970/1500) to (6712/1500)] of DASH diet recommendations. Conclusions: Small changes to one meal within the cycle menu and the inclusion of fresh or frozen produce could reduce sodium content to align with DRI and DASH recommendations. Commissary items make up a substantial portion of dietary sodium intake within jails. The addition of reduced sodium options to commissary snack packs may help limit sodium intake without restricting what little autonomy incarcerated individuals have over their diet. These alterations may help alleviate HT and CVD burden for incarcerated populations.

scholarly journals Sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium in undergraduate students from Novi Sad, Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Jovicic-Bata ◽  
Maja Grujicic ◽  
Slavica Radjen ◽  
Budimka Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The University ◽  
Total Sodium

Background/Aim. Data on sodium intake and sources of sodium in the diet in Serbia are limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the sodium intake and identify the sources of sodium in the diet of undergraduate students attending the University of Novi Sad. Methods. Students completed a questionnaire to gather data on their gender, age and university faculty attended, and then a 24 h dietary recall. The sodium intake of the students was calculated using the dietary recall data and data on the sodium content of foods. The contribution of different food groups as well as of specific foodstuffs to the total sodium intake was calculated. Results. The mean estimated sodium intake of the students was 3,938.5 ? 1,708.1 mg/day. The sodium intake of 89.1% of the surveyed students exceeded the guideline for sodium intake, the majority of the sodium coming from processed foods (78.9% of the total sodium intake). The food groups that contributed the most to the total sodium intake of the students were meat and meat products (21.7%) and cereals and cereal-based products (18.6%). Bread and other bakery products were responsible for 13.1% of the total sodium intake. Conclusion. High sodium intake in students of the University of Novi Sad puts them at high risk of developing high blood pressure. The food industry should work towards reformulating products with high sodium content, especially bread and other bakery products. Efforts should be taken to reduce sodium intake among undergraduate students in Novi Sad.

Formulating and evaluating quantitative models of control of sodium stores

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (5) ◽  
pp. R624-R633 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Daniels ◽  
S. Cortell ◽  
E. F. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Quantitative Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Feedback Control Theory

Numerous factors that influence sodium handling have been identified, and many have been studied in minute detail; however, relatively little information is available regarding either the steady-state relationship between dietary sodium intake and sodium stores or the transient response of intact animals to challenges to sodium homeostasis. In this paper the principles of elementary feedback control theory have been used both to obtain and analyze quantitative models of the feedback control of sodium stores. It has been assumed that the sodium content of the body determines the rate of urinary sodium excretion, and a mass balance has been used to obtain differential equations that describe the dynamics of sodium stores. Both first- and second-order models are considered, and their predictions for both steady states and transients are compared critically with observations from the literature, using data from human studies whenever possible. The results indicate that a relatively simple proportional feedback controller describes most available data well; however, gaps in the available information are identified, and opportunities for future experimental investigation are described.

scholarly journals Dietary Sodium Intake and Sodium Density in the United States: Estimates From NHANES 2005–2006 and 2015–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 825-830
Author(s):  
Jiun-Ruey Hu ◽  
Shivani Sahni ◽  
Kenneth J Mukamal ◽  
Courtney L Millar ◽  
Yingfei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Hispanic Adults ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Sodium

Abstract BACKGROUND In the United States, current guidelines recommend a total sodium intake <2,300 mg/day, a guideline which does not consider kilocalorie intake. However, kilocalorie intake varies substantially by age and sex. We hypothesized that compared with sodium density, total sodium intake overestimates adherence to sodium recommendations, especially in adults consuming fewer kilocalories. METHODS In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimated the prevalence of adherence to sodium intake recommendations (<2,300 mg/day) and corresponding sodium density intake (<1.1 mg/kcal = 2,300 mg at 2,100 kcal) by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and kilocalorie level. Adherence estimates were compared between the 2005–2006 (n = 5,060) and 2015–2016 (n = 5,266) survey periods. RESULTS In 2005–2006, 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.5, 24.9) of the US population consumed <2,300 mg of sodium/day, but only 8.5% (CI: 7.6, 9.4) consumed <1.1 mg/kcal in sodium density. In 2015–2016, these figures were 20.9% (CI: 18.8, 23.2) and 5.1% (CI: 4.4, 6.0), respectively. In 2015–2016, compared with 2005–2006, adherence by sodium density decreased more substantially (odds ratio = 0.59; CI: 0.48, 0.72; P < 0.001) than adherence by total sodium consumption (odds ratio = 0.85; CI: 0.73, 0.98; P = 0.03). The difference in adherence between total sodium and sodium density goals was greater among those with lower kilocalorie intake, namely, older adults, women, and Hispanic adults. CONCLUSIONS Adherence estimated by sodium density is substantially less than adherence estimated by total sodium intake, especially among persons with lower kilocalorie intake. Further efforts to achieve population-wide reduction in sodium density intake are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Contribution of major food companies and their products to household dietary sodium purchases in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy H. Coyle ◽  
Maria Shahid ◽  
Elizabeth K. Dunford ◽  
Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽  
Sarah Mckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background The Australian federal government will soon release voluntary sodium reduction targets for 30 packaged food categories through the Healthy Food Partnership. Previous assessments of voluntary targets show variable industry engagement, and little is known about the extent that major food companies and their products contribute to dietary sodium purchases among Australian households. Methods The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relative contribution that food companies and their products made to Australian household sodium purchases in 2018, and to examine differences in sodium purchases by household income level. We used 1 year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with database that contains product-specific sodium content for packaged foods and beverages (FoodSwitch). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Differences in per capita sodium purchases by income levels were assessed by 1-factor ANOVA. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results Sodium data were available from 7188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and purchased just under 7.5 million food product units. Out of 1329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 35% of unique products and contributed to 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12–15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, particularly driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased significantly more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (452 mg/d, 95%CI: 363-540 mg/d, P < 0.001). Conclusions A small number of food companies and food categories account for most of the dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. Prioritizing government engagement with these groups could deliver a large reduction in population sodium intake.

scholarly journals Contribution of major food companies and their products to household dietary sodium purchases in Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Hannah Coyle ◽  
Maria Shahid ◽  
Elizabeth K Dunford ◽  
Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽  
Sarah Mckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background: The Australian federal government will soon release voluntary sodium reduction targets for 30 packaged food categories through the Healthy Food Partnership. Previous assessments of voluntary targets show variable industry engagement, and little is known about the extent that major food companies and their products contribute to dietary sodium purchases among Australian households. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relative contribution that food companies and their products made to Australian household sodium purchases in 2018, and to examine differences in sodium purchases by household income level. We used one year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with database that contains product-specific sodium content for packaged foods and beverages (FoodSwitch). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Differences in per capita sodium purchases by income levels were assessed by 1-factor ANOVA. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results: Sodium data were available from 7,188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and purchased just under 7.5 million food product units. Out of 1,329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 35% of unique products and contributed to 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12-15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, particularly driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased significantly more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (452mg/d, 95%CI: 363-540mg/d, P<0.001). Conclusions: A small number of food companies and food categories account for most of the dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. Prioritizing government engagement with these groups could deliver a large reduction in population sodium intake.

scholarly journals Contribution of major food companies and their products to household dietary sodium purchases in Australia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Hannah Coyle ◽  
Maria Shahid ◽  
Elizabeth K Dunford ◽  
Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽  
Sarah Mckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background: The Australian federal government will soon release voluntary sodium reduction targets for 30 packaged food categories through the Healthy Food Partnership. Previous assessments of voluntary targets show variable industry engagement and little is known about the extent that major food companies and their products contribute to dietary sodium purchases among Australian households. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relative contribution that food companies and their products made to Australian household sodium purchases in 2018, and to examine differences in sodium purchases by household income level. We used one year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with database that contains product-specific sodium content for packaged foods and beverages (FoodSwitch). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Differences in per capita sodium purchases by income levels were assessed by 1-factor ANOVA. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results: Sodium data were available from 7,188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and purchased just under 7.5 million food product units. Out of 1,329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12-15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, particularly driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased significantly more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (452mg/d, 95%CI: 363-540mg/d, P<0.001). Conclusions: A small number of food companies and food categories account for most of the dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. Prioritizing government engagement with these groups could deliver a large reduction in population sodium intake.

scholarly journals Assessment of salt intake: how accurate is it?

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Champagne ◽  
Katherine C. Cash
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Sodium Consumption

The aims of this review paper are to provide an overview of the association of sodium intake with cardiovascular health, to identify sodium in our global food supply and to describe problems associated with assessment of dietary sodium intake. Excess sodium intake may contribute to the development of hypertension in some individuals, consequently increasing CVD risk. The average intake of sodium in populations around the world far exceeds the actual body's needs. Processed and restaurant foods contribute the most dietary sodium for Americans and other populations worldwide. There is a worldwide focus on reducing sodium content of food products in an effort to reduce health related issues associated with excessive salt and sodium intake in individuals. In several countries, regulations have been introduced to lower the sodium content of foods. Manufacturers are complying with these regulations by formulating new products to meet these standards. However, the variability in food sodium content poses challenges to researchers to accurately assess dietary sodium intakes of individuals. There are differences in sodium content of foods in databases compared with nutritional information provided by manufacturers for the same food products. Variations also exist in restaurant foods, where values differ from those available on restaurant websites. Sodium may be either underestimated or overestimated; it is not always on target. Awareness of the variability among food products is crucial but capturing sodium content of every food in the market is not feasible. Whenever possible, updating databases is critical. In conclusion, it is not feasible to capture the sodium content of every food in the marketplace but being aware of these differences is essential to assessing actual sodium consumption. Since biological determinations are burdensome and impractical, it is imperative for researchers and other health professionals to participate in the development and implementation of tools to accurately assess sodium intake in individuals.

scholarly journals Urinary Fractional Clearance of Sodium in 8 Healthy Beagle Dogs Fed Normal, Low, or Ultralow Sodium Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
R. G. Lobetti
Keyword(s):  
Daily Variation ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Tubular Dysfunction ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Daily Fluctuation ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Fractional Clearance

The purpose of this study was to investigate in healthy adult dogs if there was a daily fluctuation in the FCNa, the role that dietary sodium intake played on the FCNa, and the role that feeding played on the obtained value for FCNa. Three different diets were used in a group of 8 healthy beagle dogs in a crossover design. The sodium content of the diets was normal (0.26%), low (0.18%), and ultralow (0.06%). Spot urine and blood samples were collected from which the urine and serum sodium and creatinine concentration were determined, and the FCNa was calculated. The median FCNa for the normal, low, and ultralow sodium diets was 0.5, 0.77, and 0.15, respectively. Individual dogs showed a daily variation in FCNa, and samples which were collected shortly after eating showed the greatest variation. This study showed that in a group of healthy beagle dogs without obvious renal disease, the FCNa could exceed 1 and that there was both an individual and daily variation in the FCNa. The greatest variation was seen whilst the dogs were fed the low and ultralow sodium diets and when the samples were collected shortly after eating. This study concluded that an FCNa > 1% may not be indicative of acute tubular dysfunction in young dogs, and use of the FCNa for assessing renal function in clinical cases should take into account the animal’s diet, as well as the time the samples were taken in relation to feeding.

scholarly journals Contribution of Major Food Companies and Their Products to Household Dietary Sodium Purchases in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1790-1790
Author(s):  
Daisy Coyle ◽  
Maria Shahid ◽  
Elizabeth Dunford ◽  
Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽  
Sarah Mckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Packaged Food

Abstract Objectives To support the work of the Australian federal governments proposed sodium reformulation targets, this study sought to identify the relative contribution that different food companies and their products make to household sodium purchases in Australia. We also examined differences in household sodium purchases from packaged foods and beverages by income level. Methods We used one year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with a packaged food and beverage database (FoodSwitch) that contains brand- and product-specific sodium information. Outcome measures were sodium purchases per capita (mg/day), sodium density (mg/1000 kcal), and purchase-weighted sodium content (mg/100 g). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Per capita sodium purchases was estimated in household income strata. All analyses were modeled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results Sodium data were available from 7188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and, in total, just under 7.5 million units of foods and beverages. The total sodium acquired from packaged foods and beverages was 1443 mg/day per capita. Out of 1329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12–15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased substantially more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (220 mg/d, 95% CI: 132–307 mg/d, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions A small number of food companies and food categories account for the majority of dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. There is an opportunity for governments to prioritize engagement and incentivize key companies and food categories to deliver a large reduction in sodium intake and reduce cardiovascular disease. Funding Sources National Health and Medical Research Council.

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