scholarly journals The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Male and Female Employment and Earnings in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhiya Menon ◽  
Yana van der Meulen Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
The Impact

This study examines how employment and wages for men and women respond to changes in the minimum wage in India, a country known for its extensive system of minimum wage regulations across states and industries. Using repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization employment survey data for the period 1983–2008 merged with a newly created database of minimum wage rates, we find that, regardless of gender, minimum wages in urban areas have little to no impact on labor market outcomes. However, minimum wage rates increase earnings in the rural sector, especially for men, without any employment losses. Minimum wage rates also increase the residual gender wage gap, which may be explained by weaker compliance among firms that hire female workers.

scholarly journals Family structure and its impacts on the restrictions of self-perception of elderly health levels in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2751-2762
Author(s):  
Mércia Santos da Cruz ◽  
Jair Andrade Araujo ◽  
Adriano Nascimento da Paixão
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Physical Mobility ◽  
Elderly Health ◽  
Home Living ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of the article is to investigate the impacts of co-residence over spouce and\or children on self-perceived health among Brazilian elderly. The database used was the health supplement of the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2008. The sample consists of 36 551 people from all regions of the country such as urban areas and rurals. The results indicate that seniors with better socioeconomic status, who don’t have physical mobility problems are more propenspos to a better self report among their health, regardless of the gender of the elderly. Regarding the impact of co-residence family health of respondents, living with daughters increases the probability that perception is better (specifically good or very good). Moreover,the results are consistent with the hypothesis that elderly brazilians realize better their health with home living with daughters and/or spouse.

Exploring Rural–Urban Inequality in India in the Post-economic Reform Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debolina Kundu ◽  
Arvind Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact

Structural reforms were adopted by India in the early 1990s. Despite a slowdown in the major economies of the world due to global financial crisis in 2008–2009, Indian economy has consistently performed better and achieved a growth rate of 8–9 per cent in the past decade. The proponents of the economic reforms thus believe that the measures of structural adjustment would bring about economic growth and narrow down the rural–urban gap in India. In this context, this article examines the impact of the reforms on rural–urban disparities with regard to select indicators of socio-economic development. This has been addressed by studying the pattern of education attainment levels, employment level and status, and the wage and consumption expenditures of rural and urban workers in India from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012. The results from the four rounds of the national sample survey (NSS) show that in the corresponding period, the gap between rural and urban areas has come down in the select indicators except employment.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Determinants of Household Consumption Expenditure and Poverty in India

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heshmati ◽  
Maasoumi ◽  
Wan
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the determinants of household income among urban and rural areas in India and evaluates households’ performance with different characteristics in terms of poverty. It uses four rounds of data from the consumer expenditure survey (50th, 1993/1994; 55th, 1999/2000; 61st, 2004/2005; and 66th, 2009/2010) by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in the empirical section. This study consists of two main parts. In the first, it looks at the impact of the characteristics of the head of the household (age, educational level, marital status, and gender) and household characteristics (main occupational type, household size, and social status) on monthly per capita expenditure through conditional mean least squares (LS) regressions and conditional quantile regressions. Households headed by those who are older, married, belonging to lower castes, and living in less-developed states are more likely to be in poverty. In the second part, the article explores stochastic dominance rankings relative to large classes of welfare functions/preferences between pairwise sub-groups identified by the survey year, gender, social status, and occupational type of the household heads. Our results show that ‘inferior groups’ such as ‘Backward classes’, agricultural labor in rural areas, and casual labor in urban areas are vulnerable and may be targeted for poverty alleviation strategies. The first part sheds light on key determinants of household expenditure, while the second provides a picture of poverty outcomes which helps identify potential target groups for poverty-alleviation strategies.

scholarly journals FINANCING SMALL FARMERS FOR INDIA’S FOOD SECURITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 196-212
Author(s):  
Amrit Patel
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Holding ◽  
Average Size

According to the Global Hunger Report, India continues to be among nations where hunger is "alarming". It is most disappointing that despite high economic growth, the hunger index in India between 1996 and 2011 has insignificantly improved from 22.9 to 23.7. National Sample Survey Organization data revealed that the average per capita food expenditure per annum during the period from 1993 to 2010 increased only by 0.2 % annually in rural India and declined by 0.1% in the urban areas. At any given point of time, the cereal intake of the bottom 20% people in rural India which is engaged more in manual work continues to be at least 20% less than the cereal intake of the top decile of the population, despite their better access to fruit, vegetables and meat products. Endemic hunger continues to afflict a large proportion of the population. Agricultural Census [2010–11] revealed that out of 138.35 million operational holdings in India as high as 85% (which account for 44.6% of the total cultivated area) are small and marginal farmers [S&MFs] owning less than two hectares. This, therefore, characterises India’s agriculture a small-scale-farming. Average size of small-holding is only 0.61 hectare whereas overall average size of holdings declined from 1.33 ha in 2000–01 to 1.15 in 2010–11.The role of S&MFs in boosting food output and reduction of poverty is well recognized. Therefore, the future of sustainable agricultural growth, food security and poverty reduction in India depends on creating environment that enables huge number of S&MFs to easy, hassle-free and reliable access to institutional credit. Against this background, this article analyses the performance of Government–sponsored and Banks programs aimed at financing S&MFs and suggest enabling measures to achieve 8% target of credit to S&MFs within existing 18% credit to agriculture by 2017 as recently prescribed by the Reserve Bank of India [RBI].

scholarly journals Can Your Neighbour’s Education Affect Your Health?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Ayona Bhattacharjee ◽  
Radhika Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
National Sample ◽  
District Level ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Average Education ◽  
The Impact

Most studies pertaining to the returns to education literature focus on estimating benefits of education that accrue to the individual who spends more years in school. However, from a public policy perspective it is crucial to understand the gains of education to the society at large. This study is an attempt to estimate these social returns to education, that is, the impact of an increase in average education on individual health outcomes. In particular, we try to assess if (above and beyond individual educational attainment), average years of schooling at a district level has an impact on individual health. We obtain individual level data from two rounds of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) and calculate district level average education using data from the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) surveys for the same years. We use a logit model to estimate the probability of suffering from short-term morbidity and find that there is a strong negative association between short-term morbidity and average education. We also study the impact of average education on health seeking outcomes such as consumption of cigarettes and tobacco. We find that after accounting for individual education and income, the average education at the district level has a strong positive influence on better health seeking behaviour. The results from our study lend support to the notion that in addition to policies aimed at improving healthcare, an increase in average education can potentially lead to improvement in health outcomes.

Examining calorie undernourishment in India: Is it due to choice or inadequacy?

2020 ◽  
pp. 026010602094973
Author(s):  
Udaya S Mishra ◽  
Balakrushna Padhi ◽  
Rinju
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Common Understanding

Background: Calorie undernourishment is often associated with poverty but India presents a unique scene of decline in money-metric poverty and rise in calorie deprivation. Existing literature has varied explanation towards this effect. However, neither are the poor entirely calorie compromised nor do all the non-poor qualify calorie compliance. Aim: This is an attempt at verifying whether calorie undernourishment is a result of choice of food basket or the inadequacy of food expenditure. Method: An answer to this question is attempted with the exploration of data obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization’s Consumption Expenditure of Indian households for the periods 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Results: Findings reveal that over the last one decade, the average per capita per day calorie intakes have slightly increased from 2040.55 Kcal in 2004–2005 to 2087.33 Kcal in 2011–2012, which has led to the increased share of well-nourished households from 20.21% in the 61st round to 22.78% in the 68th round of survey in rural areas, whereas the similar increase in urban areas is from 36.1% to 40.65%. Conclusions: Calorie undernourishment among the non-poor is observed that calorie undernourishment, if any, among the non-poor is entirely due to choice but the same among the poor has a divide between choice and inadequacy. The urban poor are calorie compromised more due to choice rather than inadequacy as against their rural counterparts. With higher poverty, calorie, non-compliance among the poor is more due to choice when compared with lower magnitude of poverty. These observations form a basis for contesting the common understanding that calorie compromise is entirely driven by inadequacy/incapacity of food expenditure. could be viewed in terms of the food choices made, especially among the poor while setting the minimum threshold of food expenditure to be calorie compliant.

scholarly journals MORBIDITY PATTERN OF HOSPITALIZATION AND ASSOCIATED OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE: EVIDENCE FROM NSSO (2017-2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 138-155
Author(s):  
Amiya Saha ◽  
Dipti Govil
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Survey Report ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Log Linear

In 2018, according to the National Sample Survey Report, the number of cases of hospitalization per 1000 persons in 365 days was 29 in India (26 per 1000 in rural and 34 per 1000 in urban areas). Between 2004 and 2014, for example, the average medical expenditure per hospitalization for urban patients increased by about 176%, and for rural patients, it jumped by a little over 160%.  Most of these hospitalizations are for infections, but a significant number also for treatment for cancer and blood-related diseases.  The increase in access to healthcare has also brought with it a massive spike in costs. India is rapidly undergoing an epidemiological transition with a sudden change in the disease profile of its population. This study aimed to analyze hospitalization due to different factors like age and morbidity and its effect on health care utilization from nationally representative data from 2018 among the total population of India.  75th round of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted in July 2017- June 2018 has been used to examine what are the determinant factors that affect the hospitalization and mean monthly disease-specific expenditure in the different age group populations in India. We have used cross-tabulation to understand the association between morbidity patterns and healthcare utilization with other socio-demographic variables.  A set of logistic regression analyses was carried out to understand the role of age patterns on hospitalization. A log-linear regression model was used to understand the significant predictors of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE).

Factors determining disproportions in men and women’s wages in the European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-44
Author(s):  
Dorota Witkowska ◽  
Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Impact

The primary aim of the presented study was to identify how selected factors determining gender-based inequalities affected the volume of the unadjusted pay gap among employees hired in the European Union after the 2007 crisis compared to the pre-crisis situation.An additional purpose of the study was to indicate changes in the employment rates of men and women, as well as changes in the pay gap between the two sexes (measured by means of the gender pay gap index – GPG), which became noticeable in the EU countries after the crisis, as compared to the pre-crisis period. The study was conducted using single-equation descriptive econometric models describing the wage gap. The analysis was based on the results of the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS), both published by Eurostat. Due to data availability issues, data for 2006 were assumed to be representative for the situation prior to the crisis (the study took into account also countries which became member states in later years), while data covering the year 2012 (employment rate) and the years 2014–2018 (GPG) were assumed as representative for the post-crisis period. The analyses of the male and female employment rate and gender pay gaps indicate that following the crisis, the employment in the 24 EU countries became increasingly ‘feminised’, while no significant reduction of the pay gap was observed in the years 2006–2018. The obtained results indicate that greater ‘feminisation’ of employment is connected with greater gender pay gaps. A similar correlation occurs in relation to the professional activisation rate. In addition, significant differences are observed in terms of the impact some of the analysed factors have on the volume of the gender wage gap in different age and occupational groups.

Book Reviews

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-560
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
New York University ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Welfare Impacts ◽  
Wage Effects ◽  
The Impact

Etienne Wasmer of Sciences Po and LIEPP reviews, “The Minimum Wage and Labor Market Outcomes” by Christopher J. Flinn. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Presents a model based on search and bargaining to use in investigating the impact of a minimum wage on labor market outcomes. Discusses descriptive evidence on minimum wage effects; a model of minimum wage effects on labor market careers; labor market and welfare impacts of minimum wages; minimum wage effects on labor market outcomes—a selective survey; assessing the welfare impacts of actual changes in the minimum wage; econometric issues; model estimates and tests; optimal minimum wages; the on-the-job search; and heterogeneity. Flinn is Professor of Economics at New York University and Senior Research Fellow at Collegio Carlo Alberto.”

The Impact on Inequality of Raising the Minimum Wage: Gap-narrowing and Reranking Effects

Labour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Angel-Urdinola ◽  
Quentin Wodon
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
The Impact
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