Family structure and its impacts on the restrictions of self-perception of elderly health levels in Brazil

Abstract The aim of the article is to investigate the impacts of co-residence over spouce and\or children on self-perceived health among Brazilian elderly. The database used was the health supplement of the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2008. The sample consists of 36 551 people from all regions of the country such as urban areas and rurals. The results indicate that seniors with better socioeconomic status, who don’t have physical mobility problems are more propenspos to a better self report among their health, regardless of the gender of the elderly. Regarding the impact of co-residence family health of respondents, living with daughters increases the probability that perception is better (specifically good or very good). Moreover,the results are consistent with the hypothesis that elderly brazilians realize better their health with home living with daughters and/or spouse.

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The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Male and Female Employment and Earnings in India

Asian Development Review ◽

10.1162/adev_a_00080 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 28-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nidhiya Menon ◽

Yana van der Meulen Rodgers

Keyword(s):

Minimum Wage ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Wage Gap ◽

National Sample ◽

Female Employment ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Wage Rates ◽

The Impact

This study examines how employment and wages for men and women respond to changes in the minimum wage in India, a country known for its extensive system of minimum wage regulations across states and industries. Using repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization employment survey data for the period 1983–2008 merged with a newly created database of minimum wage rates, we find that, regardless of gender, minimum wages in urban areas have little to no impact on labor market outcomes. However, minimum wage rates increase earnings in the rural sector, especially for men, without any employment losses. Minimum wage rates also increase the residual gender wage gap, which may be explained by weaker compliance among firms that hire female workers.

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Social Engagement and Elderly Health in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16020278 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 278 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jin Liu ◽

Scott Rozelle ◽

Qing Xu ◽

Ning Yu ◽

Tianshu Zhou

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Social Engagement ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

The Elderly ◽

Health Behavior Change ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Elderly Health ◽

The Impact

This study examines the impact of social engagement on elderly health in China. A two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) regression approach was used to examine the causal relationship. Our dataset comprises 9253 people aged 60 or above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) conducted in 2011 and 2013. Social engagement significantly improved the self-rated health of the elderly and reduced mental distress, but had no effect on chronic disease status. Compared with the rural areas, social engagement played a more important role in promoting the elderly health status in urban areas. Social engagement could affect the health status of the elderly through health behavior change and access to health resources. To improve the health of the elderly in China and promote healthy aging, the government should not only improve access to effective medical care but also encourage greater social engagement of the elderly.

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Equity and Elderly Health in India: Reflections from 75th Round National Sample Survey, 2017-18, amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41285/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alok Ranjan ◽

Muraleedharan V R

Keyword(s):

Living Arrangements ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Outpatient Visit ◽

Secondary Data ◽

The Elderly ◽

National Sample ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Income Quintile ◽

General Category ◽

National Sample Survey

Abstract Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, called coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19), has affected more than 200 countries across the globe with a higher fatality rate in the elderly population. Historical experience shows that the pandemic disproportionately afflicts the socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Aim of the study is to highlight the vulnerability of the aged amidst the current pandemic, in the light of the recent international evidence, and what government could do to mitigate their vulnerability.Methods: Data from the recently released (November 2019) 75 th Round National Sample Survey (NSS), which was conducted from July 2017 to June 2018, across 8077 rural villages and 6181 urban wards was used for this study. Data collected from 555115 individuals (rural: 325232; urban: 229232) included that of 42762 elderly individuals (60 years or above). Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used for the calculation.Results: 27.7 % of elderly reported suffering from any ailment in the last 15 days, whereas 8.5% had hospitalization during the last 365 days. Hospitalization rate was higher in the urban areas (OR: 1.21), general category (OR: 1.18), richest economic quintile (OR: 1.68), and among elderly living alone (OR: 2.05), which was statistically significant. 64% of the scheduled tribe and 51.0% of the poorest income quintile elderly utilized public facilities during hospitalization. Cardiovascular ailments were major cause for hospitalization (18.1%) and outpatient visit (32.0%) in the elderly. Diabetes and hypertension together constituted 55% of outpatient visit for the elderly. 18.9% of the elderly has health insurance though chances of facing catastrophic health expenditure was high in the elderly. 6.6% of elderly female and 1.6% male live alone, and 27.5% of elderly of age 80 years or above are immobile. 50% of male and 90% of female are financially dependent on others and more so in poorer economic quintiles.Conclusions: The vulnerability of India’s elderly increases across various equity dimensions which include the place of residence, gender, caste, marital status, economic quintile, living arrangements, surviving children, and economic dependence. The current COVID-19 pandemic poses a greater risk of social isolation among the elderly, which may lead to detrimental health impact.Trial Registration: No applicable since the study is based on secondary data.

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Equity and Elderly Health in India: Reflections from 75th Round National Sample Survey, 2017-18, amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41285/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alok Ranjan ◽

Muraleedharan V R

Keyword(s):

Living Arrangements ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Outpatient Visit ◽

The Elderly ◽

Health Impact ◽

National Sample ◽

Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Income Quintile ◽

National Sample Survey

Abstract Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, called coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19), has affected more than 200 countries across the globe with a higher fatality rate among the elderly population. Aim of the study is to highlight the vulnerability of the aged amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic, and in the light of the recent international evidence, suggests what government could do to mitigate their vulnerability. Methods: Data from the recently released (November 2019) 75 th Round National Sample Survey (NSS), which was conducted from July 2017 to June 2018, across 8077 rural villages and 6181 urban wards was used for this study. Data collected from 555115 individuals (rural: 325232; urban: 229232) included that of 42762 elderly individuals (60 years or above). Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used for the calculation. Results: 27.7 % of elderly reported suffering from any ailment in the last 15 days, whereas 8.5% had hospitalization during the last 365 days. Among the elderly, hospitalization rate was higher in the urban areas (OR: 1.23), general social category (OR: 1.18), richest economic quintile (OR: 1.69), and among those living alone (OR: 2.40). Also, among the elderly, 64% of those in the scheduled tribe (social class) and 51.0% in the poorest income quintile utilized public facilities for hospitalization. “Cardiovascular ailments” was a major cause for hospitalization (18.1%) and outpatient visit (32.0%) among the elderly. Diabetes and hypertension together constituted 55% of outpatient visit for the elderly. 18.9% of the elderly had health insurance though chances of facing catastrophic health expenditure was high among the elderly. 6.6% of elderly female and 1.6% male live alone, and 27.5% of age 80 years and above are immobile. 50% of male and 90% of female are financially dependent on others and more so in poorer economic quintiles. Conclusions: The vulnerability of India’s elderly increases across economic levels, and other dimensions such as the place of residence, gender, caste, marital status, living arrangements, surviving children, and economic dependence. The current COVID-19 pandemic poses a greater risk of social isolation among the elderly, which may cause detrimental health impact.

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Equity and elderly health in India: reflections from 75th round National Sample Survey, 2017–18, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

Globalization and Health ◽

10.1186/s12992-020-00619-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alok Ranjan ◽

V. R. Muraleedharan

Keyword(s):

Social Group ◽

Living Arrangements ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Outpatient Visit ◽

The Elderly ◽

Total Sample ◽

National Sample ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Elderly Individuals ◽

National Sample Survey

Abstract Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, called coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19), has affected more than 200 countries across the globe with a higher fatality rate among the elderly population. Aim of the study is to highlight the vulnerability of the aged amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic, and in the light of the recent international evidence, suggests what government could do to mitigate their vulnerability. Methods Data from the recently released (November 2019) 75th Round National Sample Survey (NSS), which was conducted from July 2017 to June 2018, across 8077 rural villages and 6181 urban wards was used for this study. Data collected from 555,115 individuals (rural: 325,232; urban: 229,232) included 42,762 elderly individuals (60 years or above). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used for the calculation. Results Of the total sample of elderly individuals, 27.7% reported suffering from an ailment in the last 15 days, whereas 8.5% had been hospitalized during the last 365 days. Among the elderly, hospitalization rate was higher in the urban areas (OR: 1.23), general social category (OR: 1.18), richest economic quintile (OR: 1.69), and among those living alone (OR: 2.40). Also, among the elderly, 64% of those in the scheduled tribe (social group) and 51% in the poorest economic quintile utilized public facilities for hospitalization. Cardiovascular ailments were the major cause for hospitalization (18.1%) and outpatient visit (32%) among the elderly. Ailments related to diabetes and hypertension constituted 55% of outpatient visit for the elderly. Only 18.9% of the elderly had health insurance though chances of facing catastrophic health expenditures were high among the elderly. 6.6% of elderly female and 1.6% male live alone, and 27.5% of age 80 years and above are immobile. 50% of male and 90% of female are financially dependent on others and more so in poorer economic quintiles. Conclusions The vulnerability of India’s elderly increases across economic levels, and other dimensions such as the place of residence, gender, social group (caste), marital status, living arrangements, surviving children, and economic dependence. The current COVID-19 pandemic poses a greater risk of social isolation among the elderly, which may cause detrimental health impact. Trial registration Not applicable since the study is based on secondary data.

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Equity and Elderly Health in India: Reflections from 75th Round National Sample Survey, 2017-18, amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41285/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alok Ranjan ◽

Muraleedharan V R

Keyword(s):

Living Arrangements ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Outpatient Visit ◽

The Elderly ◽

National Sample ◽

Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Income Quintile ◽

General Category ◽

National Sample Survey

Abstract Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, called coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19), has affected more than 200 countries across the globe with a higher fatality rate in the elderly population. Historical experience shows that the pandemic disproportionately afflicts the socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Aim of the study is to highlight the vulnerability of the aged amidst the current pandemic, in the light of the recent international evidence, and what government could do to mitigate their vulnerability. Methods: Data from the recently released (November 2019) 75 th Round National Sample Survey (NSS), which was conducted from July 2017 to June 2018, across 8077 rural villages and 6181 urban wards was used for this study. Data collected from 555115 individuals (rural: 325232; urban: 229232) included that of 42762 elderly individuals (60 years or above). Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used for the calculation. Results: 27.7 % of elderly reported suffering from any ailment in the last 15 days, whereas 8.5% had hospitalization during the last 365 days. Hospitalization rate was higher in the urban areas (OR: 1.21), general category (OR: 1.18), richest economic quintile (OR: 1.68), and among elderly living alone (OR: 2.05), which was statistically significant. 64% of the scheduled tribe and 51.0% of the poorest income quintile elderly utilized public facilities during hospitalization. Cardiovascular ailments were major cause for hospitalization (18.1%) and outpatient visit (32.0%) in the elderly. Diabetes and hypertension together constituted 55% of outpatient visit for the elderly. 18.9% of the elderly has health insurance though chances of facing catastrophic health expenditure was high in the elderly. 6.6% of elderly female and 1.6% male live alone, and 27.5% of elderly of age 80 years or above are immobile. 50% of male and 90% of female are financially dependent on others and more so in poorer economic quintiles. Conclusions: The vulnerability of India’s elderly increases across various equity dimensions which include the place of residence, gender, caste, marital status, economic quintile, living arrangements, surviving children, and economic dependence. The current COVID-19 pandemic poses a greater risk of social isolation among the elderly, which may lead to detrimental health impact.

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Exploring Rural–Urban Inequality in India in the Post-economic Reform Period

Environment and Urbanization Asia ◽

10.1177/0975425320906278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 102-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Debolina Kundu ◽

Arvind Pandey

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Structural Adjustment ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

National Sample ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Employment Level ◽

Urban Inequality ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Impact

Structural reforms were adopted by India in the early 1990s. Despite a slowdown in the major economies of the world due to global financial crisis in 2008–2009, Indian economy has consistently performed better and achieved a growth rate of 8–9 per cent in the past decade. The proponents of the economic reforms thus believe that the measures of structural adjustment would bring about economic growth and narrow down the rural–urban gap in India. In this context, this article examines the impact of the reforms on rural–urban disparities with regard to select indicators of socio-economic development. This has been addressed by studying the pattern of education attainment levels, employment level and status, and the wage and consumption expenditures of rural and urban workers in India from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012. The results from the four rounds of the national sample survey (NSS) show that in the corresponding period, the gap between rural and urban areas has come down in the select indicators except employment.

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An Analysis of the Determinants of Household Consumption Expenditure and Poverty in India

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies7040096 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heshmati ◽

Maasoumi ◽

Wan

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Poverty Alleviation ◽

National Sample ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Consumer Expenditure ◽

Capita Expenditure ◽

Household Heads ◽

The Impact

This article examines the determinants of household income among urban and rural areas in India and evaluates households’ performance with different characteristics in terms of poverty. It uses four rounds of data from the consumer expenditure survey (50th, 1993/1994; 55th, 1999/2000; 61st, 2004/2005; and 66th, 2009/2010) by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in the empirical section. This study consists of two main parts. In the first, it looks at the impact of the characteristics of the head of the household (age, educational level, marital status, and gender) and household characteristics (main occupational type, household size, and social status) on monthly per capita expenditure through conditional mean least squares (LS) regressions and conditional quantile regressions. Households headed by those who are older, married, belonging to lower castes, and living in less-developed states are more likely to be in poverty. In the second part, the article explores stochastic dominance rankings relative to large classes of welfare functions/preferences between pairwise sub-groups identified by the survey year, gender, social status, and occupational type of the household heads. Our results show that ‘inferior groups’ such as ‘Backward classes’, agricultural labor in rural areas, and casual labor in urban areas are vulnerable and may be targeted for poverty alleviation strategies. The first part sheds light on key determinants of household expenditure, while the second provides a picture of poverty outcomes which helps identify potential target groups for poverty-alleviation strategies.

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Residential Satisfaction of Elderly as Determinant Behind Design Thinking in Urban Planning

Nano LIFE ◽

10.1142/s1793984418400044 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 08 (02) ◽

pp. 1840004

Author(s):

Yifan Yu ◽

Fuqin Wang ◽

Feiyang Zhu ◽

Zhigang Yin

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Design Thinking ◽

The Elderly ◽

National Sample ◽

Residential Satisfaction ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Housing Type ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Main Determinants ◽

Using Data

Residential satisfaction (RS) is an important bolometer to capture the mood of residents and their opinions on the quality of life they are living. Here, it is our intent to focus on the evaluation of the home as the measurement for satisfaction of the occupant, as it occurs naturally for its occupants. In this case, we study the urban folks, in terms of density, location and housing type, designed by the urban planners. Using data from the 4th National Sample Survey on the living conditions of China’s urban and rural older population, we analyzed the RS among people in their 60[Formula: see text]s and older ([Formula: see text]) living in the suburban neighborhoods in Shanghai. Using Logistic Regression models, we compared and studied the impacts of these three independent variables on their view on RS. The results confirmed the housing type and the location as the two most impactful factors and as the two main determinants in RS among the elderly population living in the urban areas of Shanghai.

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Impact of the Elderly on Household Health Expenditure in Bihar and Kerala, India

Journal of Health Management ◽

10.1177/0972063417747696 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David Loutfi ◽

Jean-Frédéric Lévesque ◽

Subrata Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Chronic Disease ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

The Elderly ◽

National Sample ◽

Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Indian States ◽

The Impact

Ageing in India is leading to an increase in chronic diseases. Given the limited health insurance coverage, this could lead to a variety of economic- and access-related consequences for the households. Against this backdrop, this article aims at examining the impact of the presence of the elderly on household health expenditure, avoidance of treatment, loss of income and use of alternate sources of funding to pay for care. The article uses data from 2004 National Sample Survey Organisation survey on healthcare for two Indian states, namely, Bihar and Kerala. The rate of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is found to be higher in Kerala and is associated with a higher proportion of households having elderly members, who, in turn, have higher incidence of chronic disease. While the presence of elderly in the household, incidence of chronic disease and treatment from private sources are linked to CHE, our results suggest that other groups, such as households without elderly, may simply be delaying the economic consequences of paying for healthcare by borrowing. Though the ageing population is leading to increased health expenditure for households due to increased chronic illness, the impact of using private treatment is much less clear.

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