scholarly journals Grasping with the Press of a Button: Grasp-selective Responses in the Human Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus Depend on Nonarbitrary Causal Relationships between Hand Movements and End-effector Actions

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1146-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott H. Frey ◽  
Marc Hansen ◽  
Noah Marchal
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Reach And Grasp ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus

Evidence implicates ventral parieto-premotor cortices in representing the goal of grasping independent of the movements or effectors involved [Umilta, M. A., Escola, L., Intskirveli, I., Grammont, F., Rochat, M., Caruana, F., et al. When pliers become fingers in the monkey motor system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 105, 2209–2213, 2008; Tunik, E., Frey, S. H., & Grafton, S. T. Virtual lesions of the anterior intraparietal area disrupt goal-dependent on-line adjustments of grasp. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 505–511, 2005]. Modern technologies that enable arbitrary causal relationships between hand movements and tool actions provide a strong test of this hypothesis. We capitalized on this unique opportunity by recording activity with fMRI during tasks in which healthy adults performed goal-directed reach and grasp actions manually or by depressing buttons to initiate these same behaviors in a remotely located robotic arm (arbitrary causal relationship). As shown previously [Binkofski, F., Dohle, C., Posse, S., Stephan, K. M., Hefter, H., Seitz, R. J., et al. Human anterior intraparietal area subserves prehension: A combined lesion and functional MRI activation study. Neurology, 50, 1253–1259, 1998], we detected greater activity in the vicinity of the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) during manual grasp versus reach. In contrast to prior studies involving tools controlled by nonarbitrarily related hand movements [Gallivan, J. P., McLean, D. A., Valyear, K. F., & Culham, J. C. Decoding the neural mechanisms of human tool use. Elife, 2, e00425, 2013; Jacobs, S., Danielmeier, C., & Frey, S. H. Human anterior intraparietal and ventral premotor cortices support representations of grasping with the hand or a novel tool. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 2594–2608, 2010], however, responses within the aIPS and premotor cortex exhibited no evidence of selectivity for grasp when participants employed the robot. Instead, these regions showed comparable increases in activity during both the reach and grasp conditions. Despite equivalent sensorimotor demands, the right cerebellar hemisphere displayed greater activity when participants initiated the robot's actions versus when they pressed a button known to be nonfunctional and watched the very same actions undertaken autonomously. This supports the hypothesis that the cerebellum predicts the forthcoming sensory consequences of volitional actions [Blakemore, S. J., Frith, C. D., & Wolpert, D. M. The cerebellum is involved in predicting the sensory consequences of action. NeuroReport, 12, 1879–1884, 2001]. We conclude that grasp-selective responses in the human aIPS and premotor cortex depend on the existence of nonarbitrary causal relationships between hand movements and end-effector actions.

scholarly journals Disentangling Mathematics from Executive Functions by Investigating Unique Functional Connectivity Patterns Predictive of Mathematics Ability

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny Skagerlund ◽  
Taylor Bolt ◽  
Jason S. Nomi ◽  
Mikael Skagenholt ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Mathematical Ability ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Connectivity Patterns ◽  
The Right

What are the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms that give rise to mathematical competence? This study investigated the relationship between tests of mathematical ability completed outside the scanner and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions of the parietal cortex in adults. These parietal areas are also involved in executive functions (EFs). Therefore, it remains unclear whether there are unique networks for mathematical processing. We investigate the neural networks for mathematical cognition and three measures of EF using resting-state fMRI data collected from 51 healthy adults. Using 10 ROIs in seed to whole-brain voxel-wise analyses, the results showed that arithmetical ability was correlated with FC between the right anterior intraparietal sulcus (hIP1) and the left supramarginal gyrus and between the right posterior intraparietal sulcus (hIP3) and the left middle frontal gyrus and the right premotor cortex. The connection between the posterior portion of the left angular gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus was also correlated with mathematical ability. Covariates of EF eliminated connectivity patterns with nodes in inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus, suggesting neural overlap. Controlling for EF, we found unique connections correlated with mathematical ability between the right hIP1 and the left supramarginal gyrus and between hIP3 bilaterally to premotor cortex bilaterally. This is partly in line with the “mapping hypothesis” of numerical cognition in which the right intraparietal sulcus subserves nonsymbolic number processing and connects to the left parietal cortex, responsible for calculation procedures. We show that FC within this circuitry is a significant predictor of math ability in adulthood.

scholarly journals Decoding of Temporal Intervals From Cortical Ensemble Activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Lebedev ◽  
Joseph E. O'Doherty ◽  
Miguel A. L. Nicolelis
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Neuronal Ensemble ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ensemble Activity

Neurophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion studies point to a highly distributed processing of temporal information by cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic networks. However, there are virtually no experimental data on the encoding of behavioral time by simultaneously recorded cortical ensembles. We predicted temporal intervals from the activity of hundreds of neurons recorded in motor and premotor cortex as rhesus monkeys performed self-timed hand movements. During the delay periods, when animals had to estimate temporal intervals and prepare hand movements, neuronal ensemble activity encoded both the time that elapsed from the previous hand movement and the time until the onset of the next. The neurons that were most informative of these temporal intervals increased or decreased their rates throughout the delay until reaching a threshold value, at which point a movement was initiated. Variability in the self-timed delays was explainable by the variability of neuronal rates, but not of the threshold. In addition to predicting temporal intervals, the same neuronal ensemble activity was informative for generating predictions that dissociated the delay periods of the task from the movement periods. Left hemispheric areas were the best source of predictions in one bilaterally implanted monkey overtrained to perform the task with the right hand. However, after that monkey learned to perform the task with the left hand, its left hemisphere continued and the right hemisphere started contributing to the prediction. We suggest that decoding of temporal intervals from bilaterally recorded cortical ensembles could improve the performance of neural prostheses for restoration of motor function.

scholarly journals The Right Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus Is Critical for Bimanual Grasping: A TMS Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2591-2603 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Le ◽  
M. Vesia ◽  
X. Yan ◽  
M. Niemeier ◽  
J. D. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bimanual Grasping ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus

PET Study of Pointing With Visual Feedback of Moving Hands

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Inoue ◽  
Ryuta Kawashima ◽  
Kazunori Satoh ◽  
Shigeo Kinomura ◽  
Ryoi Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Reaching Tasks ◽  
Green Led ◽  
The Right

Inoue, Kentaro, Ryuta Kawashima, Kazunori Satoh, Shigeo Kinomura, Ryoi Goto, Masamichi Koyama, Motoaki Sugiura, Masatoshi Ito, and Hiroshi Fukuda. PET study of pointing with visual feedback of moving hands. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 117–125, 1998. This study was conducted to determine where in the human brain visual feedback of hand movements is processed to allow accurate pointing. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) and H2 15O in nine normal volunteers while performing one control and two reaching tasks. In all tasks, visual stimuli were presented on a head mounted display (HMD). A target board was placed in front of the subjects bearing six red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) aligned on a circle with a green LED at its center. The center green LED and one of the six red LEDs, randomly selected, were repeatedly switched on and off, alternatively. In the control task, subjects were instructed to gaze at the lit LED. In the two reaching tasks, the reaching with visual feedback (RwithF) task and the reaching without visual feedback (RwithoutF) task, they had to point to the lit red LED with their right index fingers. In the RwithF task, their right hands were visible on the HMD before touching the target, whereas in the RwithoutF task, they were not visible. For each subject, subtraction images of each reaching task minus the control and the RwithF task minus the RwithoutF task were calculated after transformation of PET images into the standard brain shape with an adjustable computerized brain atlas. These subtraction rCBF images were then averaged among the subjects, and significant changes of rCBF were identified. Significant increases in rCBF not only in the RwithF task minus control image but also in the RwithF task minus the RwithoutF task image were observed in the supramarginal cortex, the premotor cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex of the left hemisphere, the caudate nucleus and the thalamus of the right hemisphere, and the right cerebellum and vermis. These results indicate that the supramarginal cortex, the premotor cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex of the left hemisphere and the cerebellum are involved in integrating visual feedback of hand movements and execution of accurate pointing.

scholarly journals Role of the Cerebellum in Externally Paced Rhythmic Finger Movements

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Fernandez Del Olmo ◽  
Binith Cheeran ◽  
Giacomo Koch ◽  
John C. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Synchronization Phase ◽  
Left Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
The Right

Several studies have suggested that the cerebellum has an important role in timing of subsecond intervals. Previous studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this hypothesis directly have produced inconsistent results. Here we used 1-Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) for 10 min over the right or left cerebellar hemisphere to interfere transiently with cerebellar processing to assess its effect on the performance of a finger-tapping task. Subjects tapped with their right index finger for 1 min (synchronization phase) with an auditory or visual cue at 0.5, 1, or 2 Hz; they continued for a further 1 min at the same rate with no cues (continuation phase). The blocks of trials were performed in a random order. rTMS of the cerebellum ipsilateral to the movement increased the variability of the intertap interval but only for movements at 2 Hz that were made while subjects were synchronizing with an auditory cue. There was no effect on the continuation phase of the task when the cues were no longer present or on synchronization with a visual cue. Similar results were seen after stimulation over the contralateral dorsal premotor cortex but not after rTMS over supplementary motor area. There was no effect after rTMS over the ipsilateral right cervical nerve roots or over the ipsilateral primary motor cortex. The results support the hypothesis of neural network for event-related timing in the subsecond range that involves a cerebellar-premotor network.

scholarly journals Reduced Interhemispheric Coherence in Cerebellar Kainic Acid-Induced Lateralized Dystonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Laura Georgescu Margarint ◽  
Ioana Antoaneta Georgescu ◽  
Carmen Denise Mihaela Zahiu ◽  
Stefan-Alexandru Tirlea ◽  
Alexandru Rǎzvan Şteopoaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Interhemispheric Coherence ◽  
General Locomotor Activity ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
The Right

The execution of voluntary muscular activity is controlled by the primary motor cortex, together with the cerebellum and basal ganglia. The synchronization of neural activity in the intracortical network is crucial for the regulation of movements. In certain motor diseases, such as dystonia, this synchrony can be altered in any node of the cerebello-cortical network. Questions remain about how the cerebellum influences the motor cortex and interhemispheric communication. This research aims to study the interhemispheric cortical communication between the motor cortices during dystonia, a neurological movement syndrome consisting of sustained or repetitive involuntary muscle contractions. We pharmacologically induced lateralized dystonia to adult male albino mice by administering low doses of kainic acid on the left cerebellar hemisphere. Using electrocorticography and electromyography, we investigated the power spectral densities, cortico-muscular, and interhemispheric coherence between the right and left motor cortices, before and during dystonia, for five consecutive days. Mice displayed lateralized abnormal motor signs, a reduced general locomotor activity, and a high score of dystonia. The results showed a progressive interhemispheric coherence decrease in low-frequency bands (delta, theta, beta) during the first 3 days. The cortico-muscular coherence of the affected side had a significant increase in gamma bands on days 3 and 4. In conclusion, lateralized cerebellar dysfunction during dystonia was associated with a loss of connectivity in the motor cortices, suggesting a possible cortical compensation to the initial disturbances induced by cerebellar left hemisphere kainate activation by blocking the propagation of abnormal oscillations to the healthy hemisphere. However, the cerebellum is part of several overly complex circuits, therefore other mechanisms can still be involved in this phenomenon.

Magnetic resonance imaging of primary cerebral gliosarcoma: a report of 15 cases

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1058-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Han ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
S. Qiu ◽  
X. Li ◽  
W. Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Peripheral Location ◽  
Pathology Reports ◽  
The Right ◽  
Radiologic Features

Background: Gliosarcomas are rare tumors with mixed glial and mesenchymal components. Many of their radiologic features resemble those of other primary brain malignancies. Purpose: To investigate the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of gliosarcomas. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the MR images, pathology reports, and clinical information of 11 male and four female patients aged 15–71 years to evaluate the location, morphology, enhancement, and other features of their pathologically confirmed gliosarcomas. Results: Apart from one tumor in the right cerebellar hemisphere, all were supratentorial. Two tumors were intraventricular, and four involved the corpus callosum. The tumors were well demarcated, with an inhomogeneous or cystic appearance and moderate-to-extensive surrounding edema. Thick walls with strong rim and ring-like enhancement were observed in 13 (87%). Seven (47%) showed intratumoral paliform enhancement. Conclusion: Gliosarcoma demonstrates certain characteristic MR features, such as supratentorial and peripheral location, well-demarcated, abutting a dural surface, uneven and thick-walled rim-like or ring enhancement, as well as intratumoral strip enhancement. These findings, combined with patient age, can aid the differential diagnosis of gliosarcomas from more common primary brain tumors.

P248 Neuromodulation of the right premotor cortex affects motor monitoring and awareness

2017 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. e134
Author(s):  
M. Carneiro ◽  
L. Zigiotto ◽  
G. Vallar ◽  
N. Bolognini
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
The Right
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