First and Second Language at Hand: A Chronometric Transcranial-Magnetic Stimulation Study on Semantic and Motor Resonance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Elisa Monaco ◽  
Lea B. Jost ◽  
Monica Lancheros ◽  
Sylvain Harquel ◽  
Eric Schmidlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Motor Resonance ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability

Abstract According to embodied theories, motor and language processing bidirectionally interact: Motor activation modulates behavior in lexico-semantic tasks (semantic resonance), whereas understanding motor-related words entails activation of the corresponding motor brain areas (motor resonance). Whereas many studies investigated such interaction in the first language (L1), only few did so in a second language (L2), focusing on motor resonance. Here, we directly compared L1 and a late L2, for the first time both in terms of semantic and motor resonance and both in terms of magnitude and timing, by taking advantage of single-pulse TMS. Twenty-five bilinguals judged in each language, whether hand motor-related (“grasp”) and non-motor-related verbs (“believe”), were physical or mental. Meanwhile, we applied TMS on the hand motor cortex at 125, 275, 350, and 500 msec post verb onset, and recorded behavioral responses and TMS-induced motor evoked potentials. TMS induced faster responses for L1 versus L2 motor and nonmotor verbs at 125 msec (three-way interaction β = −0.0442, 95% CI [0.0814, −0.0070]), showing a semantic resonance effect at an early stage of word processing in L1 but not in L2. Concerning motor resonance, TMS-induced motor evoked potentials at 275 msec revealed higher motor cortex excitability for L2 versus L1 processing (two-way interaction β = 0.095, 95% CI [0.017, 0.173]). These findings confirm action–language interaction at early stages of word recognition, provide further evidence that L1 and L2 are differently embodied, and call for an update of existing models of bilingualism and embodiment, concerning both language representations and processing.

Motor cortex excitability does not increase during sustained cycling exercise to volitional exhaustion

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simranjit K. Sidhu ◽  
Andrew G. Cresswell ◽  
Timothy J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Stimulation Of

The excitability of the motor cortex increases as fatigue develops during sustained single-joint contractions, but there are no previous reports on how corticospinal excitability is affected by sustained locomotor exercise. Here we addressed this issue by measuring spinal and cortical excitability changes during sustained cycling exercise. Vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex (motor evoked potentials, MEPs) and electrical stimulation of the descending tracts (cervicomedullary evoked potentials, CMEPs) were recorded every 3 min from nine subjects during 30 min of cycling at 75% of maximum workload (Wmax), and every minute during subsequent exercise at 105% of Wmax until subjective task failure. Responses were also measured during nonfatiguing control bouts at 80% and 110% of Wmax prior to sustained exercise. There were no significant changes in MEPs or CMEPs ( P > 0.05) during the sustained cycling exercise. These results suggest that, in contrast to sustained single-joint contractions, sustained cycling exercise does not increase the excitability of motor cortical neurons. The contrasting corticospinal responses to the two modes of exercise may be due to differences in their associated systemic physiological consequences.

scholarly journals Effect of opposing needling on motor cortex excitability in healthy participants and in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia: study protocol for a single-blind, randomised controlled trial

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindong Xu ◽  
Yinyu Zi ◽  
Jianlu Wu ◽  
Nenggui Xu ◽  
Liming Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Opposing Needling ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Background Opposing needling has an obvious curative effect in the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia; however, the mechanism of the opposing needling in the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia is still not clear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of opposing needling on the excitability of primary motor cortex (M1) of healthy participants and patients with post-stroke hemiplegia, which may provide insight into the mechanisms of opposing needling in treating post-stroke hemiplegia. Methods This will be a single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial in which 80 healthy participants and 40 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia will be recruited. Healthy participants will be randomised 1:1:1:1 to the 2-Hz, 50-Hz, 100-Hz, and sham electroacupuncture groups. Patients with post-stroke hemiplegia will be randomised 1:1 to the opposing needling or conventional treatment groups. The M1 will be located in all groups by using neuroimaging-based navigation. The stimulator coil of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) will be moved over the left and right M1 in order to identify the TMS hotspot, followed by a recording of resting motor thresholds (RMTs) and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) of the thenar muscles induced by TMS before and after the intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the percent change in the RMTs of the thenar muscles at baseline and after the intervention. The secondary outcome measures will be the amplitude (μV) and latency (ms) of the MEPs of the thenar muscles at baseline and after the intervention. Discussion The aim of this trial is to explore the effect of opposing needling on the excitability of M1 of healthy participants and patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900028138. Registered on 13 December 2019.

scholarly journals Measurement of motor evoked potentials following repetitive magnetic motor cortex stimulation during isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia

2003 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Rohde ◽  
G.A. Krombach ◽  
J.H. Baumert ◽  
I. Kreitschmann-Andermahr ◽  
M. Weinzierl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation

scholarly journals Comparison of repeated transcranial stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation on primary motor cortex excitability and inhibition: A pilot study

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Cabibel ◽  
Makii Muthalib ◽  
Jérôme Froger ◽  
Stéphane Perrey
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
The Right

Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a well-known clinical neuromodulation technique, but transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is rapidly growing interest for neurorehabilitation applications. Both methods (contralesional hemisphere inhibitory low-frequency: LF-rTMS or lesional hemisphere excitatory anodal: a-tDCS) have been employed to modify the interhemispheric imbalance following stroke. The aim of this pilot study was to compare aHD-tDCS (anodal high-definition tDCS) of the left M1 (2 mA, 20 min) and LF-rTMS of the right M1 (1 Hz, 20 min) to enhance excitability and reduce inhibition of the left primary motor cortex (M1) in five healthy subjects. Single-pulse TMS was used to elicit resting and active (low level muscle contraction, 5% of maximal electromyographic signal) motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and cortical silent periods (CSPs) from the right and left extensor carpi radialis muscles at Baseline, immediately and 20 min (Post-Stim-20) after the end of each stimulation protocol. LF-rTMS or aHD-tDCS significantly increased right M1 resting and active MEP amplitude at Post-Stim-20 without any CSP modulation and with no difference between methods. In conclusion, this pilot study reported unexpected M1 excitability changes, which most likely stems from variability, which is a major concern in the field to consider.

Transcranial electrical stimulation through screw electrodes for intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials

2004 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsushige Watanabe ◽  
Takashi Watanabe ◽  
Akio Takahashi ◽  
Nobuhito Saito ◽  
Masafumi Hirato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Intraoperative Monitoring ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The feasibility of high-frequency transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) through screw electrodes placed in the skull was investigated for use in intraoperative monitoring of the motor pathways in patients who are in a state of general anesthesia during cerebral and spinal operations. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were elicited by TES with a train of five square-wave pulses (duration 400 µsec, intensity ≤ 200 mA, frequency 500 Hz) delivered through metal screw electrodes placed in the outer table of the skull over the primary motor cortex in 42 patients. Myogenic MEPs to anodal stimulation were recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. The mean threshold stimulation intensity was 48 ± 17 mA for the APB muscles, and 112 ± 35 mA for the TA muscles. The electrodes were firmly fixed at the site and were not dislodged by surgical manipulation throughout the operation. No adverse reactions attributable to the TES were observed. Passing current through the screw electrodes stimulates the motor cortex more effectively than conventional methods of TES. The method is safe and inexpensive, and it is convenient for intraoperative monitoring of motor pathways.

scholarly journals Somatosensory cortical excitability changes precede those in motor cortex during human motor learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Ohashi ◽  
Paul L. Gribble ◽  
David J. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Motor Cortical

Motor learning is associated with plasticity in both motor and somatosensory cortex. It is known from animal studies that tetanic stimulation to each of these areas individually induces long-term potentiation in its counterpart. In this context it is possible that changes in motor cortex contribute to somatosensory change and that changes in somatosensory cortex are involved in changes in motor areas of the brain. It is also possible that learning-related plasticity occurs in these areas independently. To better understand the relative contribution to human motor learning of motor cortical and somatosensory plasticity, we assessed the time course of changes in primary somatosensory and motor cortex excitability during motor skill learning. Learning was assessed using a force production task in which a target force profile varied from one trial to the next. The excitability of primary somatosensory cortex was measured using somatosensory evoked potentials in response to median nerve stimulation. The excitability of primary motor cortex was measured using motor evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. These two measures were interleaved with blocks of motor learning trials. We found that the earliest changes in cortical excitability during learning occurred in somatosensory cortical responses, and these changes preceded changes in motor cortical excitability. Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials were correlated with behavioral measures of learning. Changes in motor evoked potentials were not. These findings indicate that plasticity in somatosensory cortex occurs as a part of the earliest stages of motor learning, before changes in motor cortex are observed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We tracked somatosensory and motor cortical excitability during motor skill acquisition. Changes in both motor cortical and somatosensory excitability were observed during learning; however, the earliest changes were in somatosensory cortex, not motor cortex. Moreover, the earliest changes in somatosensory cortical excitability predict the extent of subsequent learning; those in motor cortex do not. This is consistent with the idea that plasticity in somatosensory cortex coincides with the earliest stages of human motor learning.

scholarly journals Expanding the parameter space of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Agboada ◽  
Mohsen Mosayebi Samani ◽  
Asif Jamil ◽  
Min-Fang Kuo ◽  
Michael A. Nitsche
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Motor Cortex Plasticity

AbstractSize and duration of the neuroplastic effects of tDCS depend on stimulation parameters, including stimulation duration and intensity of current. The impact of stimulation parameters on physiological effects is partially non-linear. To improve the utility of this intervention, it is critical to gather information about the impact of stimulation duration and intensity on neuroplasticity, while expanding the parameter space to improve efficacy. Anodal tDCS of 1–3 mA current intensity was applied for 15–30 minutes to study motor cortex plasticity. Sixteen healthy right-handed non-smoking volunteers participated in 10 sessions (intensity-duration pairs) of stimulation in a randomized cross-over design. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor-evoked potentials (MEP) were recorded as outcome measures of tDCS effects until next evening after tDCS. All active stimulation conditions enhanced motor cortex excitability within the first 2 hours after stimulation. We observed no significant differences between the three stimulation intensities and durations on cortical excitability. A trend for larger cortical excitability enhancements was however observed for higher current intensities (1 vs 3 mA). These results add information about intensified tDCS protocols and suggest that the impact of anodal tDCS on neuroplasticity is relatively robust with respect to gradual alterations of stimulation intensity, and duration.

scholarly journals Training voluntary motor suppression with real-time feedback of motor evoked potentials

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 3446-3452 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Adnan Majid ◽  
Christina Lewis ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Control Response

Training people to suppress motor representations voluntarily could improve response control. We evaluated a novel training procedure of real-time feedback of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) generated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over motor cortex. On each trial, a cue instructed participants to use a mental strategy to suppress a particular finger representation without overt movement. A single pulse of TMS was delivered over motor cortex, and an MEP-derived measure of hand motor excitability was delivered visually to the participant within 500 ms. In experiment 1, we showed that participants learned to reduce the excitability of a particular finger beneath baseline (selective motor suppression) within 30 min of practice. In experiment 2, we performed a double-blind study with 2 training groups (1 with veridical feedback and 1 with matched sham feedback) to show that selective motor suppression depends on the veridical feedback itself. Experiment 3 further demonstrated the importance of veridical feedback by showing that selective motor suppression did not arise from mere mental imagery, even when incentivized with reward. Thus participants can use real-time feedback of TMS-induced MEPs to discover an effective mental strategy for selective motor suppression. This high-temporal-resolution, trial-by-trial-feedback training method could be used to help people better control response tendencies and may serve as a potential therapy for motor disorders such as Tourette's and dystonia.

Origin of Facilitation of Motor-Evoked Potentials After Paired Magnetic Stimulation: Direct Recording of Epidural Activity in Conscious Humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1765-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Di Lazzaro ◽  
F. Pilato ◽  
A. Oliviero ◽  
M. Dileone ◽  
E. Saturno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Conditioning Stimulus ◽  
Direct Recording ◽  
Magnetic Stimulus ◽  
Descending Volleys ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Cervical ◽  
The Brain

A magnetic transcranial conditioning stimulus given over the motor cortex at intensities below active threshold for obtaining motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) facilitates EMG responses evoked at rest in hand muscles by a suprathreshold magnetic stimulus given 10–25 ms later. This is known as intracortical facilitation (ICF). We recorded descending volleys produced by single and paired magnetic motor cortex stimulation through high cervical epidural electrodes implanted for pain relief in six conscious patients. At interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 10 and 15 ms, although MEP was facilitated, there was no change in the amplitude or number of descending volleys. An additional I wave sometimes was observed at 25 ms ISI. In one subject, we also evaluated the effects of reversing the direction of the induced current in the brain. At 10 ms ISI, the facilitation of the MEPs disappeared and was replaced by slight suppression; at 2 ms ISI, there was a pronounced facilitation of epidural volleys. Subsequent experiments on healthy subjects showed that a conditioning stimulus capable of producing ICF of MEPs had no effect on the EMG response evoked by transmastoidal electrical stimulation of corticospinal tract. We conclude that ICF occurs because either 1) the conditioning stimulus has a (thus far undetected) effect on spinal cord excitability that increases its response to the same amplitude test volley or 2) that it can alter the composition (but not the amplitude) of the descending volleys set up by the test stimulus such that a larger proportion of the activity is destined for the target muscle.

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