scholarly journals Detailed Visual Memory Capacity Is Present Early in Childhood

Open Mind ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Ferrara ◽  
Sarah Furlong ◽  
Soojin Park ◽  
Barbara Landau
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Binary Decision ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Visual Detail ◽  
Children's Memory ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Basic Level

Previous studies have shown that adults are able to remember more than 1,000 images with great detail. However, little is known about the development of this visual capacity, nor its presence early in life. This study tests the level of detail of young children’s memory for a large number of items, adapting the method of Brady, Konkle, Alvarez, and Oliva ( 2008 ). Four- and six-year-old children were shown more than 100 images of everyday objects. They were then tested for recognition of familiar items in a binary decision task. The identity of the foil test item was manipulated in three conditions (Category, Exemplar, and State). Children demonstrated high accuracy across all conditions, remembering not only the basic-level category (Category), but also unique details (Exemplar), and information about position and arrangement of parts (State). These findings demonstrate that children spontaneously encode a high degree of visual detail. Early in life, visual memory exhibits high fidelity and extends over a large set of items.

Long-Term Memory for Haptically Explored Objects: Fidelity, Durability, Incidental Encoding, and Cross-Modal Transfer

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2031-2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Hutmacher ◽  
Christof Kuhbandner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Haptic Perception ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Incidental Encoding ◽  
Basic Level

The question of how many of our perceptual experiences are stored in long-term memory has received considerable attention. The present study examined long-term memory for haptic experiences. Blindfolded participants haptically explored 168 everyday objects (e.g., a pen) for 10 s each. In a blindfolded memory test, they indicated which of two objects from the same basic-level category (e.g., two different pens) had been touched before. As shown in Experiment 1 ( N = 26), memory was nearly perfect when tested immediately after exploration (94%) and still high when tested after 1 week (85%). As shown in Experiment 2 ( N = 43), when participants explored the objects without the intention to memorize them, memory in a 1-week delayed surprise test was still high (79%), even when assessed with a cross-modal visual memory test (73%). These results indicate that detailed, durable, long-term memory representations are stored as a natural product of haptic perception.

Mindful tutors

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Fischer ◽  
Kilian Foth ◽  
Katharina J. Rohlfing ◽  
Britta Wrede
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Computers As Social Actors ◽  
Keywords Child ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour ◽  
Almost All ◽  
High Degree

It has been proposed that the design of robots might benefit from interactions that are similar to caregiver–child interactions, which is tailored to children’s respective capacities to a high degree. However, so far little is known about how people adapt their tutoring behaviour to robots and whether robots can evoke input that is similar to child-directed interaction. The paper presents detailed analyses of speakers’ linguistic behaviour and non-linguistic behaviour, such as action demonstration, in two comparable situations: In one experiment, parents described and explained to their nonverbal infants the use of certain everyday objects; in the other experiment, participants tutored a simulated robot on the same objects. The results, which show considerable differences between the two situations on almost all measures, are discussed in the light of the computer-as-social-actor paradigm and the register hypothesis. Keywords: child-directed speech (CDS); motherese; robotese; motionese; register theory; social communication; human–robot interaction (HRI); computers-as-social-actors; mindless transfer

scholarly journals Is working memory inherently more ‘precise’ than long-term memory? Extremely high fidelity visual long-term memories for frequently encountered objects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalise Miner ◽  
Mark Schurgin ◽  
Timothy F. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Naturalistic Setting

Long-term memory is often considered easily corruptible, imprecise and inaccurate, especially in comparison to working memory. However, most research used to support these findings relies on weak long-term memories: those where people have had only one brief exposure to an item. Here we investigated the fidelity of visual long-term memory in more naturalistic setting, with repeated exposures, and ask how it compares to visual working memory fidelity. Using psychophysical methods designed to precisely measure the fidelity of visual memory, we demonstrate that long-term memory for the color of frequently seen objects is as accurate as working memory for the color of a single item seen 1 second ago. In particular, we show that repetition greatly improves long-term memory, including the ability to discriminate an item from a very similar item ('fidelity'), in both a lab setting (Exps. 1-3) and a naturalistic setting (brand logos, Exp. 4). Overall our results demonstrate the impressive nature of visual long-term memory fidelity, which we find is even higher fidelity than previously indicated in situations involving repetitions. Furthermore, our results suggest that there is no distinction between the fidelity of visual working memory and visual long-term memory, but instead both memory systems are capable of storing similar incredibly high fidelity memories under the right circumstances. Our results also provide further evidence that there is no fundamental distinction between the ‘precision’ of memory and the ‘likelihood of retrieving a memory’, instead suggesting a single continuous measure of memory strength best accounts for working and long-term memory.

scholarly journals Basic levels of categorization: A comparison of selected English and Polish verbs

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Olga Sokołowska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Basic English ◽  
Basic Level

The phenomenon of basic level concepts in cognition and categorization, so crucial in the cognitive account of natural language is typically accessed via what is perceptually the most outstanding phenomena represented in many languages, at least those rooted in Proto-IndoEuropean (specifically English and Polish) by nouns fulfilling the criteria of basic terms, originally established for classifying color vocabulary. These are prototypical examples in the category of nouns – relating to countable, material objects. Nominal representation, according to Langacker (1987) is indicative of a given stimulus being perceived and conceptualized as a thing, i.e., a region in one or more cognitive domains (conceptions) established in the speakers’ minds. This is a rather self-imposing construal of physical, countable stimuli, which meet the good gestalt criteria, such as animals, plants, and man-made objects of everyday use. The semantic scopes of nouns representing such phenomena seem to overlap to a relatively high degree across languages, especially related ones, such as English and Polish, and finding the precise equivalents within them does not pose particular problems. This is hardly the case when it comes to phenomena represented by verbs and classifiable as processes in Langacker’s cognitive, semantic account of the division of words into parts of speech. A comparison of the meaning of selected basic English verbs and their closest Polish counterparts reveals serious discrepancies in a number of cases. Thus, certain basic English verbs representing common, everyday physical activities prove to differ considerably from their Polish counterparts with regard to their respective levels of schematicity/ specificity of meaning, and, in consequence, the range of cognitive domains involved in their semantic scopes. This is the case of such equivalent lexemes as płynąć/pływać – swim; sail; flow; float or break – łamać; tłuc; rwać; drzeć. In both cases, one language is quite specific while the other is much more schematic as regards the actual cognitive domains activated by corresponding words and the degree to which that activation in the stimulated conceptual blends depends on the lexical context in which the respective words are used. This indicates that even related languages spoken by communities from similar cultural circles may codify considerably different construals of the same nonmaterial phenomena, specifically processes.

scholarly journals Relative social inequality in the world: Rigidity against the economic growth, 1992–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid M. Grigoryev ◽  
Victoria A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

The study of economic growth and social inequality goes back to the works of S. Kuznets, A. Atkinson, P. Krugman, J. Stiglitz, T. Piketti, and B. Milanovic. Statistical analysis of social inequalities for a large set of countries, divided into seven clusters, was conducted for the period 2000–2016. The share of incomes of the 10th decile was used as a measure of inequality. The hypothesis of the positive impact of economic growth on the reduction of social inequality was tested. Stylized facts on an array of 106 countries for the period under review indicate a high degree of stability of the level of inequality in most groups, especially in the most developed countries, and in particular in the Anglo-Saxon ones. The distribution of key socioeconomic and even political indicators for clusters shows their strong relationship with the structure of cluster inequality. This makes it possible to significantly deepen the analysis, in particular the one concerning the stages of world development.

scholarly journals Analytical models of decision-making theory in digital transport logistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2061 (1) ◽  
pp. 012129
Author(s):  
A Terentyev ◽  
M Karelina ◽  
E Karelina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Made In

Abstract The active introduction of information and communication (digital) technologies into the modern reality of transport systems operation requires the development of modeling methods for the creation of software that allows to do the following: determine the formal efficiency of decisions made in digital transport systems (DTS); process large volumes of DTS data; perform analysis of DTS functioning environment using artificial intelligence algorithms, analytical analogues of neural networks, etc. A digital transport system, being a complex system, is determined by a large set of formalized indicators (database) and requires finding effective solutions for a sufficiently large number of criteria or signs of effectiveness. Obtaining reliable solutions in multi-criteria information situations causes difficulties, which are objective. In most cases modern mathematical models artificially reduce multi-criteria information situations to single-criteria categories. This approach, based on the use of integral criteria, has a fundamental disadvantage - the use of integral criteria to obtain estimates of the efficiency of actions or processes in complex systems is characterized by a high level of subjectivism. In this case, the obtained solution may be acceptable, but not an objective result. Therefore, it is necessary to develop mathematical models for solving multi-criteria problems applicable to the solution of problems in complex transport systems, allowing one to operate in the environment of large databases for operational reconfiguration of a management system in conditions of uncertainty and/or possible counteraction of the external environment. The article presents the results of development of mathematical methods of modeling, which allow us to construct algorithms for solving optimization tasks, formulated as multi-criteria models and in the presence of a high degree of uncertainty in the interaction of the system with the environment.

Complexity and Framing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Lupia
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The People ◽  
The Law ◽  
Relevant Range ◽  
Range Of Values

Politics includes issues of varying complexity. By complex, I mean issues that have multiple and possibly interrelated attributes. While it is arguable that all issues have multiple parts, I use the notion of issue complexity to draw attention to the fact that some issues have so many attributes that educators must make decisions about which parts to emphasize. Consider, for example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which the United States passed in 2010. If you haven’t heard of this bill, you may know it by another moniker: “Obamacare.” One measure of this law’s complexity is its length. It is 906 pages long. The law’s table of contents alone is nearly 12 pages. At 906 pages, and given its frequent use of technical language, it is likely that few citizens, including many candidates for office, are knowledgeable about every part of it. It is inevitable that many, and perhaps most, of the people who express public opinions on this issue base their arguments on knowledge of only a few of the law’s many attributes. (This fact, by the way, does not stop people from labeling as “ignorant” others who disagree with them about this law.) In all such cases, experts, advocates, and interested citizens encourage their audiences to weigh certain attributes of the law more (or less) than others when making decisions about it. Insights from previous chapters can help educators make choices about which of a policy’s or candidate’s many multiple attributes to emphasize when attempting to improve others’ knowledge and competence. From chapter 5, for example, we know that just because an issue is complex, it does not mean that an audience’s decision task is complex. Suppose that the task is whether to vote for a specific candidate for office who promises to defeat the healthcare law in its entirety or a candidate who makes the opposite promise. Suppose that we have consulted the relevant range of values and from that consultation we can define a competent choice in the election as the vote that a person would cast if they understood a specific and large set of facts about the law.

A Question of Character

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-52
Author(s):  
Quassim Cassam
Keyword(s):  
Character Traits ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Behavioural Consistency ◽  
Tolerance For Ambiguity ◽  
Yom Kippur ◽  
High Degree

This chapter focuses on epistemic vices that are character traits and, in particular, on the epistemic vice of closed-mindedness. The nature and significance of this epistemic vice is explained by reference of the failure of Israeli intelligence to anticipate the 1973 Yom Kippur surprise attack on Israel. Closed-mindedness is a high-fidelity epistemic vice, that is, one that requires a high degree of behavioural consistency. It is underpinned in many cases by a high need for closure and a low tolerance for ambiguity. Character accounts of epistemic vice are not undermined by situationism but they do need to acknowledge the insights of structuralism since flawed epistemic conduct can have structural as well as personal explanations.

Research on Simulation Technology for Supervisory Control Software in NPP DCS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanjun Gao ◽  
Ming Qu ◽  
CaiKe Zhang ◽  
Kui Xu ◽  
PeiBang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Configuration Software ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Operator Training ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Level I ◽  
License Examination ◽  
High Degree

The DCS simulator is a crucial component of FSS which is used for operator training and license examination. It is always divided into process control level (short for Level I) and supervisory control level (short for Level II). Among these, the Level II directly faces to operators and engineers. Therefore it requires a high degree of fidelity, reliability and good user experience. Be aimed at the requirement of the Level II, a high-fidelity simulation system based on MVC mode is constructed. And multiple technologies of self-dependent innovation and custom-built software are designed and developed, such as the data middleware, the configuration software, and the SimBase et al. The successful application in the HAINAN’s NPP proves that the DCS Level II’s simulator has a high fidelity, reliability, and accumulates valuable experiences for the development of our own DCS Level II as well.

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