Religious Orientation, Incentive, Self-Esteem, and Gender as Predictors of Academic Dishonesty: An Experimental Approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Paul Williamson ◽  
Aresh Assadi
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cheating Behavior ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
And Gender

It is widely assumed that religion is responsible for dictating and guiding moral behavior. This study investigated that claim and its relationship to monetary incentive, self-esteem, and gender within the context of academic dishonesty. A sample of 65 undergraduate students (32 men; 33 women) were assessed using a revision of Allport's Religious Orientation Scale (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989) and then monitored for cheating on a computerized version of the Graduate Records Exam under different experimental conditions. Self-esteem (high, average, low) and monetary incentive ($5, nothing) were manipulated, and gender was selected to measure their effect on cheating behavior. Results of this study found that: (1) participants’ religious orientation was not related to their tendency to cheat in any way; (2) participants cheated significantly more when receiving monetary incentive for their performance than when they did not; (3) participants with induced low self-esteem cheated significantly more than those with induced high self-esteem; and (4) men cheated more than women at a level that bordered on significance (p < .06). Academic performance (GPA) was not found related to academic cheating. Findings are discussed in the context of existing literature.

Forms and Degrees of Religious Commitment: Intrinsic Orientation in a Swedish Context

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hovemyr
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Academic Environments ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Intrinsic Orientation

The psychometric properties of the revised Swedish Religious Orientation Scale (SROS II) were tested in two academic environments. Intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest orientations and their relation to self-esteem were examined. An attempt was made to identify two sub-groups within the intrinsic sphere, specified as Intrinsic-Dogmatic (ID) and Intrinsic Reflective (IR), and to validate these, tentatively, in relation to degree of conservatism, using the revised Swedish Social Attitude Scale. The subjects were undergraduate students of psychology and theology. The results suggest that forms and degrees of religious commitment can be adequately measured by SROS II. The ID - IR hypothesis was supported and previous research findings with regard to self-esteem were partially replicated.

Personal Religious Orientation and Frankl's Will-To-Meaning in Four Religious Communities

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Stones
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Life Test ◽  
Religious Orientations ◽  
Mass Society ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Purpose In Life Test

Numerous theorists argue that the anomie characteristic of contemporary mass-society results in a lack of meaning and personal identity and that membership of small religious communities serves to relieve, if not eliminate, this existential vacuum. In order to explore this area further, four religious communities in Johannesburg — the Jesus People, the Hare Krishna Devotees, the Maharaj Ji Premies and a Catholic Priest community — were given the Purpose-in-Life test together with its complementary scale (Seeking-of-Noetic- Goals Test) as well as the Religious Orientation Scale. Analysis of the data confirmed the hypotheses that as a function of integration into any one of these groups individuals' lives take on greater meaning and purpose and that the motivation to seek meaning decreases. The results also indicate that members' personal religious orientations become more intrinsic.

scholarly journals A Scripture-Specific Religious Orientation Scale: Development and Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-13
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Khodadady
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Principal Axis ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Principal Axis Factoring ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Selection Of

Objectives: to develop a novel religious orientation scale based on the Quran and validate it with pre-university students of secondary education Method: All the Quranic ayat which addressed its believers directly regarding their religious orientation were scrutinized in terms of pre-university students’ characteristics, resulting in the selection of 57 upon which a 60-item Quranic Orientation Scale (QOS) was developed. The scale was administered to 1123 students and their responses were subjected to Principal Axis Factoring and Promax with Kaiser Normalization (PKN). Results: Out of 60 items comprising the QOS, 48 loaded acceptably and exclusively on seven rotated factors called believing in holy scriptures,, remembering and seeking Allah, fulfilling Quranic obligations, following Allah confidently, following Quranic instructions, not befriending disbelievers, and informed Quranic struggle. Both the scale and its underlying factors had internal consistency and correlated significantly with each other. Conclusion: The Quran teaches the domain of religious orientation directly to its readers as a hierarchically and culturally independent schema consisting of specific species and genera. Pre-university student, however, not only reduce the domain as regards the number of its constituting species and genera but also develop their own religious families. Going through this process consciously they render their religious orientation a hierarchically and culturally organized schema.

The Relationship between Religion, Religiosity and Death Anxiety among Indian Adolescents

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mahabeer ◽  
K. Bhana
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Indian Adolescents ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Practical Implications

Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and the Religious Orientation Scale of the OPI were administered to 360 Indian adolescents to examine the relationship between religion and religiosity and death anxiety. Muslim subjects were found to be more death anxious than Christian and Hindu subjects. The degree of commitment to one's religious practices and beliefs did not intensify or reduce death anxiety. Further, female subjects manifested higher death anxiety than male subjects. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.

scholarly journals Ambivalent Sexism, Scriptural Literalism, and Religiosity

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Meghan Burn ◽  
Julia Busso
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Intrinsic Religiosity ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Extrinsic Religiosity ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Scriptural Literalism

This correlational study explores the hypothesis that religiosity and scriptural literalism (the degree to which one interprets scriptures literally) are associated with sexism. Participants were female and male ( N = 504) university students who anonymously completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory ( Glick & Fiske, 1996 , 1997 , 2001a , 2001b ), the Scriptural Literalism Scale ( Hogge & Friedman, 1967 ), and the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised ( Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989 ). Intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, and scriptural literalism were positively associated with benevolent, but not hostile, sexism. Intrinsic religiosity and scriptural literalism were positively related to the protective paternalism subscale, whereas extrinsic religiosity was related to the heterosexual intimacy, complementary gender differentiation, and protective paternalism subscales.

scholarly journals Religious as quest and its relationship with intrinsic and extrinsic orientation

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Jaume ◽  
Hugo Simkin ◽  
Edgardo Etchezahar
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extrinsic Orientation ◽  
Universal Scale ◽  
Three Factor

Allport and Ross (1967) originally developed the religious orientation concept, identifying two types: intrinsic and extrinsic orientation. Later, Batson (1976) conceptualized a third type: the quest orientation, measured by the unidimensional Quest Religious Orientation Scale. However, subsequent works have reported the presence of a three-factor structure: preparation, self-criticism and openness. The aim of this work was the adaptation of the Quest Religious Orientation Scale to the Argentinean context in order to account for its dimensionality and to analyze its relationship with I-E Age Universal Scale (intrinsic and extrinsic orientation) in a sample of 334 university students (36.2% men) with an age range of 18 to 42 years (M = 24.8, SD = 2.63). The main results indicate a better fit of the data to the three correlated dimensions model of the Quest Religious Orientation Scale. This model allowed us to distinguish the relationship of each factor and the intrinsic and extrinsic orientations discovering significant differential relationships.

scholarly journals Religious Orientation, Spirituality, and Life Satisfaction: A Gendered Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Sajid Mehmood Alvi ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Saira Bano
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Life Scale ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Religiosity And Spirituality

In recent times, religiosity and spirituality have received much attention towards mental health, but very few investigations worked on their role on life satisfaction within the gender perspective. The present study, however, investigates the relationships between religiosity, spirituality, and life satisfaction among individuals residing in Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Pakistan, with special reference to gender. For this purpose, a sample of 150 adults (71 men and 79 women) were selected by convenient sampling technique and was evaluated using validated versions of three scales: Religious Orientation Scale (ROS), Spirituality Scale (SS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS). Results indicate that religiosity and spirituality have a significant positive correlation with life satisfaction. Results of linear regression showed that religiosity and spirituality significantly predict life satisfaction. Women reported more religious orientation and spirituality as compared to men in the sample studied. The study is useful for both men and women, highlighting the importance of one's orientation towards religion.

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