scholarly journals Islamic Legal Maxims as Substantive Canons of Construction: Hudūd-Avoidance in Cases of Doubt

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Intisar Rabb

AbstractLegal maxims reflect settled principles of law to which jurists appeal when confronting new legal cases. One such maxim of Islamic criminal law stipulates that judges are to avoid imposing hudūd and other sanctions when beset by doubts as to the scope of the law or the sufficiency of the evidence (idra'ū'l-hudūd bi'l-shubahāt): the "hudūd maxim." Jurists of all periods reference this maxim widely. But whereas developed juristic works attribute it to Muhammad in the form of a prophetic report (hadīth), early jurists do not. Instead, they cite the maxim as an anonymous saying of nonspecific provenance in a form unknown to hadīth collectors of the first three centuries after Islam's advent. This difference in the jurists' citations of the maxim signals a significant shift in claims to legal authority and the asserted scope of judicial discretion, as jurists debated whether and how to resolve legal and factual doubt. While political authorities exercised increasingly wide discretion over criminal matters and used it to benefit the elite, most jurists promoted an egalitarian "jurisprudence of doubt" through insisting on criminal liability for high-status offenders and heightening claims of the authoritativeness and scope of the hudūd maxim as a hadīth.

Author(s):  
Septa Candra

Restorative Justice adalah merupakan suatu bentuk model pendekatan baru dalam penyelesaian perkara pidana. Model pendekatan restorative justice ini sebenarnya telah digunakan dibeberapa negara dengan fokus pendekatannya kepada pelaku, korban dan masyarakat dalam proses penyelesaian kasus hukum yang terjadi diantara mereka. Walaupun model pendekatan ini masih banyak diperdebatkan dalam tataran teori oleh para ahli, namun dalam kenyataannya tetap tumbuh dan eksis serta mempengaruhi kebijakan dan praktek hukum di banyak negara. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana mekanisme penerapan pendekatan restorative justice dalam penyelesaian kasus hukum di Indonesia dan bagaimana konsep restorative justice dapat menjadi bagian dari pembaharuan hukum pidana di masa yang akan datang. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif analitis dan bersifat kualitatif, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Indonesia dengan angka kejahatan yang relatif tinggi, patut pula untuk dipertimbangkan model restorative justice ini menjadi bagian dari pendekatan dalam penyelesaian kasus-kasus hukum yang terjadi selama ini. Dalam perkembangannya prinsip restorative justice sudah diintrodusir melalui sejumlah ketentuan dalam RUU KUHP dan diversi terhadap anak, terutama untuk memberikan keseimbangan perhatian diantara stakeholders hukum pidana (pelaku, korban, masyarakat dan negara). Tentunya, model pendekatan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bagian dari pembaharuan hukum pidana Indonesia di masa yang akan datang guna mencapai keadilan, kepastian dan kemanfaatan sebagai tujuan dari hukum itu sendiri.<p>Restorative justice is a new approach model to solve criminal matters. Restorative justice model is an approach that has actually been used in several countries with focus its approach to offenders, victims and the community in the process of settlement of legal cases that have happened among them. Even though the model has still been widely debated in the level of theory, but in fact, it still grows and exists, also influences policy and practice of the law in many countries. Based on the reasons, the focus of this study, namely: How is a mechanism of a restorative justice approach in solving legal cases in Indonesia? How is the concept of restorative justice that can be a part of the reform of criminal law in the future? The research applies descriptive analysis study and uses qualitative method. The result of the study shows that Indonesia as a law state with criminal figures relatively high ought also to be considered that the model of restorative justice may become an approach for solving legal cases. Restorative justice principles in development have already been introduced through a number of provisions in the Criminal Code Bill and diversion of children, especially to provide a balance among stakeholders in criminal law (perpetrators, victims, community and nation). Of course, this model is expected to be a part of the Indonesian criminal law reform in the future to bring justice, certainty and expediency as the purpose of the law itself.</p>


FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Rugun Romaida Hutabarat

In criminal law, a person charged with a criminal offense may be punished if it meets two matters, namely his act is unlawful, and the perpetrator of a crime may be liable for the indicated action (the offender's error) or the act may be dismissed to the perpetrator, and there is no excuse. The reasons may result in the death or the removal of the implied penalty. But it becomes a matter of how if the Letter of Statement Khilaf is the answer to solve the legal problems. The person who refuses or does not do what has been stated in the letters is often called "wanprestasi" because the statement is categorized as an agreement. The statement includes an agreement which is the domain of civil law or criminal law, so its application in the judicial system can be determined. This should be reviewed in the application of the law, are there any rules governing wrong statements in the criminal justice system. By using a declaration of khilaf as a way out of criminal matters, then the statement should be known in juridical rules. This study uses normative juridical methods, by conceptualizing the law as a norm rule which is a benchmark of human behavior, with emphasis on secondary data sources collected from the primary source of the legislation. The result of this research is that the statement of khilaf has legality, it is based on Jurisprudence No. 3901 K / Pdt / 1985 jo Article 189 Paragraph (1) of Indonesian criminal procedure law. However, this oversight letter needs to be verified in front of the court to be valid evidence, but this letter of error is not a deletion of a criminal offense, because the culpability of the defendant has justified the crime he committed. Such recognition, cannot make it free from the crime that has been committed.Keywords: Legality, Letter of Statement, Criminal Justice System


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fedorov ◽  
◽  
Mikhail V. Krichevtsev ◽  

The article reviews the history of development of French laws on criminal liability of legal entities. The authors note that the institution of criminal liability of legal entities (collective criminal liability) dates back to the ancient times and has been forming in the French territory for a long time. Initially, it was established in the acts on collective liability residents of certain territories, in particular, in the laws of the Salian Franks. This institution was inherited from the Franks by the law of the medieval France, and got transferred from the medieval period to the French criminal law of the modern period. The article reviews the laws of King Louis XIV as an example of establishment of collective criminal liability: the Criminal Ordinance of 1670 and the Ordinances on Combating Vagrancy and Goods Smuggling of 1706 and 1711. For the first time ever, one can study the Russian translation of the collective criminal liability provisions of the said laws. The authors state that although the legal traditions of collective liability establishment were interrupted by the transformations caused by the French Revolution of 1789 to 1794, criminal liability of legal entities remained in Article 428 of the French Penal Code of 1810 as a remnant of the past and was abolished only as late as in 1957. The publication draws attention to the fact that the criminal law codification process was not finished in France, and some laws stipulating criminal liability of legal entities were in effect in addition to the French Penal Code of 1810: the Law on the Separation of Church and State of December 9, 1905; the Law of January 14, 1933; the Law on Maritime Trade of July 19, 1934; the Ordinance on Criminal Prosecution of the Press Institutions Cooperating with Enemies during World War II of May 5, 1945. The authors describe the role of the Nuremberg Trials and the documents of the Council of Europe in the establishment of the French laws on criminal liability of legal entities, in particular, Resolution (77) 28 On the Contribution of Criminal Law to the Protection of the Environment, Recommendation No. R (81) 12 On Economic Crime, the Recommendation No. R (82) 15 On the Role of Criminal Law in Consumer Protection and Recommendation No. (88) 18 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning Liability of Enterprises Having Legal Personality for Offences Committed in the Exercise of Their Activities. The authors conclude that the introduction of the institution of criminal liability of legal entities is based on objective conditions and that research of the history of establishment of the laws on collective liability is of great importance for understanding of the modern legal regulation of the issues of criminal liability of legal entities.


2021 ◽  
pp. 126-150
Author(s):  
Michael J. Allen ◽  
Ian Edwards

Course-focused and contextual, Criminal Law provides a succinct overview of the key areas on the law curriculum balanced with thought-provoking contextual discussion. This chapter discusses the meaning of negligence, arguments for and against negligence as a basis for criminal liability, the meaning of strict liability, the origins of and justifications for strict liability, the presumption of mens rea in offences of strict liability, defences to strict liability, and strict liability and the European Convention on Human Rights. The feaeture ‘The law in context’ examines critically the use of strict liability as the basis for liability in the offence of paying for the sexual services of a person who has been subject to exploitation.


Author(s):  
Jonathan Herring

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Criminal Law Concentrate covers fundamental principles of this area of law and helps the reader to succeed in exams. Topics covered include the basis of criminal liability, actus reus, mens rea, and strict liability. The chapters also examine offences such as non-fatal offences, sexual offences, homicide, inchoate offences, theft, and fraud. Defences are also examined in the final two chapters. This edition has been updated to include: recent developments in the law and new cases such as Jogee, Conroy, Golds, Ivey, and Joyce; more detail on sexual offences; more revision tips and tables to improve learning; and an ‘Exam essentials’ feature.


Author(s):  
Jonathan Herring

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Criminal Law Concentrate covers fundamental principles of this area of law and helps the reader to succeed in exams. Topics covered include the basis of criminal liability, actus reus, mens rea, and strict liability. The chapters also examine offences such as non-fatal offences, sexual offences, homicide, inchoate offences, theft, and fraud. Defences are also examined in the final two chapters. This edition has been updated to include: recent developments in the law and new cases such as Jogee, Conroy, Golds, Ivey, and Joyce; more detail on sexual offences; more revision tips and tables to improve learning; and an ‘Exam essentials’ feature.


2020 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-235
Author(s):  
KRYSTYNA PATORA ◽  
EMIL ŚWIĄDER

The article focuses on the case of Gäfgen v. Germany, which con-cerns the restrictions imposed on police offi cers who work on cases involving terror and violence posing a risk to human life, and on the ones who have to make decisions protecting victims’ lives. The choice of measures serving the protection of the highest value, i.e. human life, is not easy. At the same time, police offi cers are assessed in terms of criminal law as regards the protection of the basic human rights enjoyed by perpetrators who pose a risk to other people’s lives. The case of Gäfgen v. Germany regards the choice of values, and the criminal liability of police offi cers, connected with thereof, as well as the problem of the admissibility of evidence obtained in breach of the law in criminal proceedings, and the limitations of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.


2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwari Akhmaddhian

A defense against criminal liability of a health worker who commit criminal acts of malpractice can be argued that the criminal liability lies in the form of omission errors or omissions when power kesehatantersebut their profession . As a result of mistakes resulting in death or injury , an element of health personnel mistakes made in this case is the gross negligence or culpa lata which will be requested a defense response of the consequences of his actions . In the application of the criminal law against the perpetrators of malpractice , the application of positive law for perpetrators of malpractice contained in Article 361 and Article 359 of the Code of Criminal Law and Law no . 36 of 2009 on Health . But in the application of these articles dilemma arises in understanding the elements of negligence which measures whether the health worker negligence or not in terms of their profession , to the order of the Book  of the  Law is  being revised  Criminal Law should  regulate the issue of negligence is regulated in detail and.clear.Keywords : Health , Criminal , Malpractice.


2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuswarini Kuswarini

<p>Curia Novit Jus: means that judges are considered to know and understand all laws,<br />therefore the court is prohibited from refusing to examine, hear, and decide on a case<br />that is filed under the pretext that the law does not exist or is unclear, but is obligatory<br />to examine and judge him. Judges as judicial organs are considered to understand<br />the law. Therefore the judge must provide services to every justice seeker who asks for<br />justice to him. If the judge provides services in resolving disputes, finds no written<br />law, the judge must explore the unwritten law to decide on legal cases as a wise<br />person and fully responsible to the Almighty God, himself, society, nation and state.<br />In a Criminal Case if the fact witness is not identified, the judge digs the facts in the<br />trial, through the statement of the Criminal Law Expert to obtain confidence in<br />deciding the case, the expert information obtained in the criminal case used to decide<br />the case.</p>


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (72) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ivars Kronis

The article contains analysis of the legal norms that govern criminal liability for risks posed to insolvency. Based on case law and conclusions made by the law scholars, the preconditions have been studied the presence of which has to be proven in order to enable calling of a person to criminal account for leading to insolvency, filing of a fraudulent application for insolvency proceedings, hindering the insolvency proceedings and breach of the conditions of legal protection. The study enables deepen understanding of the preconditions to application of the law and helps to gain knowledge of criminal legal protection of insolvency and to avoid any behavior patterns that might be interpreted as criminal. The period since enactment of the new Insolvency Law that has changed the concept of insolvency as well as the course of procedure and therefore has affected the application of criminal legal protection has been too short for development of judiciary in this area. The few sources of scientific literature on the regulation of criminal legal protection of insolvency in the Criminal Law had been published before enactment of the new Insolvency Law. Five years of operation of the Insolvency Law is a kind of milestone for updating the issues of criminal legal protection of insolvency and extended assessment of the insolvency regulations in the Criminal Law.


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