Spatial association and social behaviour in zoo-living female ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua)

Behaviour ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Aureli ◽  
Teresa Romero
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Nasua Nasua ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Association Data

AbstractMost carnivore species are solitary and tend not to associate either with members of the same sex or with the opposite sex. In contrast, coati adult females and juveniles live in stable groups, called 'bands'. Coatis display complex cooperative behaviours, and their bands resemble primate female-bonded societies in various features. In this study we examined spatial association patterns among zoo-living ring-tailed coatis and related it to the patterns of affiliative and aggressive interactions. We found that coati females did not associate or interact with one another randomly. A cluster analysis on spatial association data revealed two main subunits, the size and composition of which were the same in two observation periods. Furthermore, the distribution of affiliative and aggressive interactions of the coatis reflected patterns of spatial association. Affiliative behaviour was more frequent between members of the same subunit than between members of different subunits, whereas aggressive interactions were more frequent between subunits than within subunits. We discuss the implications of these findings for coati social organisation suggesting that the two subunits may reflect the potential for subgroup formation and fission-fusion dynamics in wild populations.

Associations Between Individuals and Classes in Groups of Different Size in a Population of Western Gray Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
DE Steven ◽  
A Grassia
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Single Linkage Cluster ◽  
The Times ◽  
Linkage Cluster

Associations between different classes of animals, and between individuals, were analysed in a population of 150-170 western grey kangaroos living in a 300-ha remnant of wandoo woodland and adjacent farmland. The commonest group size was one, and 71% of groups were of three or fewer individuals. Females with juveniles at foot were seen in a significantly different distribution of group sizes than females without juveniles, or males. The associations between classes in groups of 2, 3 and 4 changed with the size of group. In groups of two, but not in groups of three and four, males were seen together more frequently than expected. Females without juveniles at foot associated with their peers more frequently than expected in groups of two and three, but those with juveniles at foot associated with their peers less frequently than expected. Other associations between classes were significantly different from expectation. About 70% of the sub-adult and adult animals were individually identifiable by numbered collars. The highest frequency of association of one individual with another was less than 40% of the times the two were seen on the same night. However, nearly all individuals had statistically significant associations with one or more individual in each year, and dissociations with others. The associations did not persist from year to year. The overall group social structure, as shown by single-linkage cluster analysis, was for individuals to associate with others of the same sex, although sub-adults were more generally associated with adult females. The overall level of association was lower in males than in females and juveniles.

scholarly journals Risk of Sex-Specific Cancers in Opposite-Sex and Same-Sex Twins in Denmark and Sweden

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1622-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Ahrenfeldt ◽  
Axel Skytthe ◽  
Sören Möller ◽  
Kamila Czene ◽  
Hans-Olov Adami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Same Sex ◽  
Opposite Sex

Adults' Perceptions of Children's Independence and other Sex-Role Characteristics as a Function of Child's Gender Label

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Bell ◽  
Kay Hibbs ◽  
Thomas Milholland
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Opposite Sex

Male and female college students were presented with a photograph labeled as a 5-yr.-old boy or girl and heard statements attributed to the child. They then rated the child on sex-role traits and responded to open-ended questions about the child. The primary findings involved sex of child by sex of adult interactions on ratings of independence and leadership: in both cases, same-sex children were rated higher than opposite-sex children. There was also some evidence that women having high contact with children rated the child more extremely on opposite-sex traits than did those with little contact.

An Argument for the Continued Validity of Woman-to-Woman Marriages in Post-2010 Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-328
Author(s):  
Monicah Kareithi ◽  
Frans Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Right

AbstractWoman-to-woman marriage is a form of customary marriage between two women, predominantly found in Africa. These customary marriages have been and to some extent still are conducted by various communities across Africa, including in Kenya. Communities such as the Kamba, Kisii, Nandi, Kikuyu and Kuria practise woman-to-woman marriages for a variety of reasons. The legal status of woman-to-woman marriages in Kenya is uncertain due to the provisions of article 45(2) of Kenya's Constitution of 2010 and section 3(1) of the Marriage Act of 2014, which stipulate that adults only have the right to marry persons of the opposite sex. However, a holistic and purposive reading of the constitution, taking into consideration its recognition of culture and the protection of children as important values in Kenyan society, and considering the historical context within which the provisions concerning same-sex marriages were included, leads to the conclusion that these provisions were not intended to proscribe the cultural practice of woman-to-woman marriage in Kenya. The constitutional validity of woman-to-woman marriage opens the door to a more expansive and fluid understanding of “family” in Kenya.

scholarly journals Social affiliation matters: both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships predict survival in wild female baboons

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1793) ◽  
pp. 20141261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Archie ◽  
Jenny Tung ◽  
Michael Clark ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Socially Isolated

Social integration and support can have profound effects on human survival. The extent of this phenomenon in non-human animals is largely unknown, but such knowledge is important to understanding the evolution of both lifespan and sociality. Here, we report evidence that levels of affiliative social behaviour (i.e. ‘social connectedness’) with both same-sex and opposite-sex conspecifics predict adult survival in wild female baboons. In the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya, adult female baboons that were socially connected to either adult males or adult females lived longer than females who were socially isolated from both sexes—females with strong connectedness to individuals of both sexes lived the longest. Female social connectedness to males was predicted by high dominance rank, indicating that males are a limited resource for females, and females compete for access to male social partners. To date, only a handful of animal studies have found that social relationships may affect survival. This study extends those findings by examining relationships to both sexes in by far the largest dataset yet examined for any animal. Our results support the idea that social effects on survival are evolutionarily conserved in social mammals.

Being Opposite: Is There Advantage for Social Competence and Friendships in Being an Opposite-Sex Twin?

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sioban Laffey-Ardley ◽  
Karen Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Competency ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Social Competencies ◽  
Standardized Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Adolescent Twins ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractArecent large-scale study of Finnish adolescent twins (Pulkkinen et al., 2003) reported that individuals from opposite-sex twin pairs were more socially adaptive than individuals from same-sex pairs or singletons. This finding raised questions about the social learning effects of being an opposite-sex twin. The current article predicted on the basis of this finding, and evidence from singleton populations, that having an opposite-sex twin would yield social advantage. It sought to examine the social competencies of opposite-sex twins and compare them with same-sex twins and singletons. The study focused on the preschool years (age 3 to 6), a period in which the majority of children encounter their first large group, nonfamilial social experiences. The study obtained reports from parents and teachers of children aged 3 to 6 years: 72 children (36 pairs) who were dizygotic opposite-sex twins (DZOS), 50 children (25 pairs) who were dizygotic same-sex twins (DZSS), and 85 singletons of the same age and sex as the twins, who had at least one sibling. Reports were made using standardized measures of social competencies, behavior problems, language development and friendships. The main effects found were of differences in social competency between twins and singletons. Twins had lower social competency scores. No differences between same-sex and opposite-sex twins were found. The findings did not support the hypothesis of social advantage for opposite-sex twins in early childhood.

scholarly journals Why are there more same-sex than opposite-sex dizygotic twins?

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 930-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kanazawa ◽  
Nancy L Segal ◽  
David de Meza
Keyword(s):  
Same Sex ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Opposite Sex

Sexual Competition among Women

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Arnocky ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Biparental Care ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Opposite Sex

Darwin (1871) observed in his theory of evolution by means of sexual selection that “it is the males who fight together and sedulously display their charms before the female” (p. 272). Researchers examining intrasexual competition have since focused disproportionately on male competition for mates, with female competition receiving far less attention. In this chapter, we review evidence that women do indeed compete with one another to secure and maintain reproductive benefits. We begin with an overview of the evolutionary theory of competition among women, with a focus on biparental care and individual differences in men’s mate value. We discuss why competition among women is characteristically different from that of men and highlight evidence supporting women’s use of epigamic display of physical attractiveness characteristics and indirect aggression toward same-sex peers and opposite-sex romantic partners as sexually competitive tactics. Finally, individual differences in competition among women are discussed.

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