Displays and Message Assortment in Sayornis Species

Abstract(1) This is the final paper in a series dealing with the display behavior of the three species of tyrannid flycatchers in the genus Sayornis. The first paper described the display behavior of one species (S. phoebe) in detail, and the second paper concentrated on the displays used by all three species in song bouts - that is, in more or less continuous, regular, and prolonged bouts of vocalizations. Here non-song displays of the remaining species (S. nigricans and S. saya) are presented, along with a comprehensive comparison of displays and their employment within the genus. (2) The relationships of many displays can be traced from species to species by aspects of form. Yet there are also some conspicuous differences among the display repertoires. For instance, the vocal displays of S. phoebe include three calls with marked rapid frequency modulation - something that is not prominent in the calls of the other species. S. phoebe also appears to have two evolutionary remnants among its vocal displays: the Doubled Vocalization (apparently related to the Chatter Vocalization, CV, of the other species) and the Initially Peaked Vocalization (IPV), which is used abundantly by the other species, but rarely S. phoebe. The Locomotory Hesitance Vocalization (LHV) of S. phoebe is at least in large part equivalent to a variant of the IPV of S. nigricans, and to a lesser degree to a variant of the CV of S. saya ; both S. nigricans and S. saya may lack a distinctive LHV. The vocal displays of S. saya intergrade virtually continouslv in some cases, while those of the other species are relatively discrete. The visible display patterns of the three species may be more similar among the species than are the vocalizations. (3) Each display is used along with a particular range of behavior patterns, about which it can be considered to give information. This information is considered to be the "message" of the display. Taking each display repertoire as a whole, it appears that similar information is encoded by each of the three species. But it is assorted differently among the displays in each repertoire. If a display of one species has a relatively narrow message compared to the comparable displays in the other species, then other displays of the first species appear to compensate by having relatively broad messages. Compensatory assortment of messages among displays without the addition of new displays for new message arrangements may provide indirect evidence that the number of displays that can occur within the repertoire of any one species is limited. (4) The displays of S. phoebe appear to be more different from the displays of closely related genera of Andean tyrannids than do the displays of the other two species. Thus it appears likely that in the evolutionary history of S. phoebe certain replacements of some of the more ancestral display forms were made, and that new assortments of messages were developed. Whether these directional changes correlated with requirements of the habitat or social behavior of the species, or whether they were required for efficiency of communication not determined directly by the ecology or social features of the species will be assessed when further comparative studies are completed.

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An early fossil remora (Echeneoidea) reveals the evolutionary assembly of the adhesion disc

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2013.1200 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 280 (1766) ◽

pp. 20131200 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Matt Friedman ◽

Zerina Johanson ◽

Richard C. Harrington ◽

Thomas J. Near ◽

Mark R. Graham

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary History ◽

Body Plan ◽

The Other ◽

Ontogenetic Changes ◽

Dorsal Fin ◽

Early Oligocene ◽

Stem Group ◽

History Of ◽

And Migration ◽

Fin Spines

The adhesion disc of living remoras (Echeneoidea: Echeneidae) represents one of the most remarkable structural innovations within fishes. Although homology between the spinous dorsal fin of generalized acanthomorph fishes and the remora adhesion disc is widely accepted, the sequence of evolutionary—rather than developmental—transformations leading from one to the other has remained unclear. Here, we show that the early remora † Opisthomyzon (Echeneoidea: †Opisthomyzonidae), from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) of Switzerland, is a stem-group echeneid and provides unique insights into the evolutionary assembly of the unusual body plan characteristic of all living remoras. The adhesion disc of † Opisthomyzon retains ancestral features found in the spiny dorsal fins of remora outgroups, and corroborates developmental interpretations of the homology of individual skeletal components of the disc. † Opisthomyzon indicates that the adhesion disc originated in a postcranial position, and that other specializations (including the origin of pectination, subdivision of median fin spines into paired lamellae, increase in segment count and migration to a supracranial position) took place later in the evolutionary history of remoras. This phylogenetic sequence of transformation finds some parallels in the order of ontogenetic changes to the disc documented for living remoras.

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The shared evolutionary history of kinship classifications and language

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x10001421 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 402-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert M. Seyfarth ◽

Dorothy L. Cheney

Keyword(s):

Human Evolution ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

The Other ◽

History Of ◽

System Maps

AbstractAmong monkeys and apes, both the recognition and classification of individuals and the recognition and classification of vocalizations constitute discrete combinatorial systems. One system maps onto the other, suggesting that during human evolution kinship classifications and language shared a common cognitive precursor.

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Systematics of Senecio section Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae)

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.211.1.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 211 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

JOEL CALVO ◽

INÉS ÁLVAREZ ◽

CARLOS AEDO

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

The Other ◽

Distribution Maps ◽

History Of ◽

Perennial Herbs ◽

First Time ◽

Northwestern Africa ◽

Shape And Size

The complexity of the evolutionary history of Senecio is reflected in its conflicted taxonomy. Within this genus, Senecio section Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae), a group of perennial herbs distributed in Europe, western and Central Asia, and northwestern Africa, was not fully revised. A worldwide revision of this section recognizing 28 species and eight subspecies is presented here. The main morphological characters revealed as useful for distinguishing between species are the number and shape of supplementary and involucral bracts, synflorescence architecture, indumentum, and the shape and size of leaves and achenes. In this new taxonomic treatment S. provincialis and S. lagascanus have been segregated from S. doronicum, within which three subspecies are recognized (S. doronicum subsp. orientalis is validly published herein). On the other hand, S. ruthenensis from France and S. lusitanicus from Portugal have been synonymized to S. lagascanus, as well as S. ovatifolius, S. pisidicus, and S. tmoleus from Anatolia to S. kolenatianus, S. olympicus, and S. castagneanus respectively, S. bertramii from Lebanon to S. cilicius, and S. delbesianus from Syria to S. racemosus subsp. racemosus. Sixty eight names are lectotypified, the names S. barrelieri, S. pyrenaicus, and S. scopolii are neotypified, and one epitype is designated for the name S. perralderianus. Descriptions and distribution maps are provided for all the species included, as well as an identification key. Nine species are illustrated for the first time.

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The First Co-Opted Endogenous Foamy Viruses and the Evolutionary History of Reptilian Foamy Viruses

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11070641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 641 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Pakorn Aiewsakun ◽

Peter Simmonds ◽

Aris Katzourakis

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary History ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Foamy Virus ◽

Purifying Selection ◽

The Other ◽

Cellular Functions ◽

Foamy Viruses ◽

History Of ◽

Flanking Sequences ◽

Reading Frames

A recent study reported the discovery of an endogenous reptilian foamy virus (FV), termed ERV-Spuma-Spu, found in the genome of tuatara. Here, we report two novel reptilian foamy viruses also identified as endogenous FVs (EFVs) in the genomes of panther gecko (ERV-Spuma-Ppi) and Schlegel’s Japanese gecko (ERV-Spuma-Gja). Their presence indicates that FVs are capable of infecting reptiles in addition to mammals, amphibians, and fish. Numerous copies of full length ERV-Spuma-Spu elements were found in the tuatara genome littered with in-frame stop codons and transposable elements, suggesting that they are indeed endogenous and are not functional. ERV-Spuma-Ppi and ERV-Spuma-Gja, on the other hand, consist solely of a foamy virus-like env gene. Examination of host flanking sequences revealed that they are orthologous, and despite being more than 96 million years old, their env reading frames are fully coding competent with evidence for strong purifying selection to maintain expression and for them likely being transcriptionally active. These make them the oldest EFVs discovered thus far and the first documented EFVs that may have been co-opted for potential cellular functions. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a complex virus–host co-evolutionary history and cross-species transmission routes of ancient FVs.

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Morphologie et ultrastructure du pollen dans le genre Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b99-029 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 744-767

Author(s):

Danielle Lobreau-Callen ◽

Joël Jérémie ◽

Maria Suarez-Cervera

Keyword(s):

Pollen Morphology ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

The Other ◽

Aquatic Species ◽

Flowing Water ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Exine Ultrastructure ◽

History Of ◽

Palynological Study

This palynological study of the genus Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) deals with 39 species spread through 26 of the 35 sections that compose the genus. The pollen varies from tricolporate to zonocolporate or to zonoporate. The tectum is smooth, rarely ornamented (SEM). Nine pollen types are distinguished of which six have been studied with the TEM. The tectum is regular, the infratectum generally granular. The foot-layer is thick if the number of apertures is reduced and thin or absent if the endoapertures form an endocingulum. The endexine is thick if the foot-layer is thin, and made up of lamellae and rarely of costae bordering the endoapertures. In the porate pollen, the foot-layer and endexine are absent. Diverse in the terrestrial and lithophytic species, the pollen tends to be oblate and planaperturate in the epiphytes, zonocolporate with numerous apertures in the floating aquatic species, and ornamented in those of flowing water. The species considered the most primitive are terrestrial with tricolporate pollen. All the other types are derived, especially those with a significant increase in the number of apertures, associated or not with the absence of a foot-layer or an endexine. In the genus Utricularia and the Lentibulariaceae in general, the variation in pollen is much less related to habitat than to the evolutionary history of each species.Key words: pollen, morphology, exine, ultrastructure, Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae.

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Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5047 (3) ◽

pp. 247-272

Author(s):

ESPRIT HEESTAND SAUCIER ◽

SCOTT C. FRANCE ◽

LES WATLING

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

The Other ◽

Genetic Analyses ◽

The Family ◽

Family Level ◽

Current Classification ◽

History Of

Bamboo corals are distinguished from most other octocorals by an articulated skeleton. The nodes are proteinaceous and sclerite-free while the internodes are composed of non-scleritic calcium carbonate. This articulation of the skeleton was thought to be unique and a strong synapomorphy for the family Isididae. Our phylogeny, based on the amplification of mtMutS and 18S, shows an articulating skeleton with sclerite-free nodes has arisen independently at least five times during the evolutionary history of Octocorallia rather than being a synapomorphy characteristic of a monophyletic bamboo coral clade. The family Isididae is currently composed of four subfamilies (Circinisidinae, Isidinae, Keratoisidinae, and Mopseinae). Not only is the family polyphyletic, but our genetic analyses suggest also the subfamily Isidinae is polyphyletic based on current taxonomic classifications, and Mopseinae is not monophyletic. The type, Isis, is found outside of the well-supported Calcaxonia – Pennatulacea clade where the other members of Isididae cluster. The current classification of the family Isididae does not reflect the evolutionary history of an articulated skeleton. To better reflect the evolutionary history of these taxa we propose that three of the four the subfamilies, the genus Isidoides, and genera within the subfamily Isidinae, be elevated to family level to produce a classification with five families with a bamboo-like skeleton: Chelidonisididae, Isididae, Isidoidae, Keratoisididae, and Mopseidae.

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Organogénie de la feuille du Begonia radicans Vellozo et du Begonia scabrida (Begoniaceae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b92-137 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1107-1122 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Denis Barabé ◽

Luc Brouillet ◽

Charles Bertrand

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Leaf Primordia ◽

Mature Leaf ◽

The Other ◽

Leaf Morphogenesis ◽

Angiosperm Phylogeny ◽

The Family ◽

History Of ◽

Plesiomorphic State

The asymmetrical leaf of Begonia raises both biological and mathematical questions. The leaf organogenesis of two species of Begonia is analyzed in this study, one with asymmetrical, palmately nerved leaves, Begonia scabrida A.DC, the other with quasi-symmetrical, pinnately nerved leaves, Begonia radicans Vellozo. Additional observations on Begonia fagifolia Fischer, a species of the second type, are included for comparison. In the three species studied, the leaf primordia are asymmetrical at initiation, notwithstanding mature leaf symmetry or nervation. In B. radicans, the leaf is asymmetrical at initiation and becomes quasi-symmetrical, while in B. scabrida, it remains asymmetrical throughout. The Begonia leaf thus represents a true case of asymmetry, related to the morphogenetic properties of the vegetative apex. None of the present theories of leaf organogenesis are able to fully account for this phenomenon. Leaf asymmetry represents an ontogenetic constraint in the evolutionary history of Begoniaceae. The hypothesis is presented that the palmately nerved leaf is a plesiomorphic state and the pinnately nerved leaf an apomorphic one that appeared repeatedly within the family. Key words: Begoniaceae, leaf, morphogenesis, angiosperm, phylogeny, apex.

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Discovery of sea urchin NGFFFamide receptor unites a bilaterian neuropeptide family

Open Biology ◽

10.1098/rsob.150030 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 150030 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Dean C. Semmens ◽

Isabel Beets ◽

Matthew L. Rowe ◽

Liisa M. Blowes ◽

Paola Oliveri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Urchin ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Common Ancestor ◽

Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽

Disulfide Bridge ◽

The Other ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

History Of ◽

Neuropeptide Evolution ◽

Signalling Systems

Neuropeptides are ancient regulators of physiology and behaviour, but reconstruction of neuropeptide evolution is often difficult owing to lack of sequence conservation. Here, we report that the receptor for the neuropeptide NGFFFamide in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (phylum Echinodermata) is an orthologue of vertebrate neuropeptide-S (NPS) receptors and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) receptors. Importantly, this has facilitated reconstruction of the evolution of two bilaterian neuropeptide signalling systems. Genes encoding the precursor of a vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptide and its receptor duplicated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria. One copy of the precursor retained ancestral features, as seen in highly conserved vasopressin/oxytocin–neurophysin-type precursors. The other copy diverged, but this took different courses in protostomes and deuterostomes. In protostomes, the occurrence of a disulfide bridge in neuropeptide product(s) of the precursor was retained, as in CCAP, but with loss of the neurophysin domain. In deuterostomes, we see the opposite scenario—the neuropeptides lost the disulfide bridge, and neurophysin was retained (as in the NGFFFamide precursor) but was subsequently lost in vertebrate NPS precursors. Thus, the sea urchin NGFFFamide precursor and receptor are ‘missing links’ in the evolutionary history of neuropeptides that control ecdysis in arthropods (CCAP) and regulate anxiety in humans (NPS).

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Molecules and Evolutionary History

The Paleontological Society Special Publications ◽

10.1017/s2475262200014118 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 241-260

Author(s):

Allen G. Collins

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary History ◽

Biological Molecules ◽

The Other ◽

Historical Information ◽

The Past ◽

Alive Today ◽

History Of ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Biological History ◽

Source Of Information

Paleontologists learn and tell the history of life; it is our job. You might suspect that paleontologists spend most of their time studying fossils. While fossils are an important source of information for the paleontologist, other types of evidence can also tell us about biological history. For instance, the rocks themselves provide important information, especially about past climates. It makes perfect sense that organisms are more easily understood if you know the environment in which they lived. A third important source of information is all around us. The organisms alive today are the current products of the various processes of evolution that have been at work for more than three billion years. Organisms carry the legacy of their histories with them, in their anatomy, behavior, and genes. By studying and comparing living organisms, we learn about the past. Advances in technology have made the abundant historical information contained in biological molecules, chiefly genes and their RNA and protein products, easier to obtain. Thus, it is not too surprising to see today's paleontologist setting about his or her business with a rock hammer in one hand and a pipettor in the other.

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Genome sequences reveal divergence times of malaria parasite lineages

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182010001575 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (13) ◽

pp. 1737-1749 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

JOANA C. SILVA ◽

AMY EGAN ◽

ROBERT FRIEDMAN ◽

JAMES B. MUNRO ◽

JANE M. CARLTON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary History ◽

Common Ancestor ◽

Orthologous Gene ◽

The Other ◽

Divergence Times ◽

Last Common Ancestor ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Human Malaria ◽

History Of

SUMMARYObjectiveThe evolutionary history of human malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) has long been a subject of speculation and controversy. The complete genome sequences of the two most widespread human malaria parasites, P. falciparum and P. vivax, and of the monkey parasite P. knowlesi are now available, together with the draft genomes of the chimpanzee parasite P. reichenowi, three rodent parasites, P. yoelii yoelli, P. berghei and P. chabaudi chabaudi, and one avian parasite, P. gallinaceum.MethodsWe present here an analysis of 45 orthologous gene sequences across the eight species that resolves the relationships of major Plasmodium lineages, and provides the first comprehensive dating of the age of those groups.ResultsOur analyses support the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of P. falciparum and the chimpanzee parasite P. reichenowi occurred around the time of the human-chimpanzee divergence. P. falciparum infections of African apes are most likely derived from humans and not the other way around. On the other hand, P. vivax, split from the monkey parasite P. knowlesi in the much more distant past, during the time that encompasses the separation of the Great Apes and Old World Monkeys.ConclusionThe results support an ancient association between malaria parasites and their primate hosts, including humans.

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