Influences of Motivation On Display Divergences in Three Cichlid Fish Species (Haplochromis)

Behaviour ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 205-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Carlstead
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Signal Value ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
Male Intruder

AbstractDifferences between three cichlid fish species in responsiveness to a restrained territorial intruder have been investigated while an experimenter, considered a disturbing stimulus, was sitting 2 meters in front of the tank in view of the fish. The purpose of the analyses was to determine which motivational factors control responses to intruders and disturbances between Haplochromis elegans, H. squamipinnis, and H. angustifrons. This could be done on the basis of a model for the causal organization of these responses that was developed in an earlier paper (CARLSTEAD, 1982). It was found that H. angustifrons responds significantly less to the intruder than the other two species, and this is because it responds more to the experimenter. H. squampinnis hides from the experimenter in longer bouts than the other two. It was concluded that angustifrons has a basically higher activation level of system D (refer to model, Fig. 3), a system determining the responsiveness to stimuli indicative of potential danger and controlling motor patterns for hiding responses. Elegans has a relatively higher activation level of system T for responding to territorial intruders. Squamipinnis was found to have a higher level of a general factor for reactivity to all unexpected, thus novel stimuli. Species differences in courtship display were also investigated. These displays differ little between species, but each shows one particular display more often than expected in temporal association with spawning. This display proved in each species to be the display performed more often than expected to a restrained male territorial intruder in the behavior sequence after a conflict to approach it or withdraw from it had occurred (Turning-Around). Using the model, the motivational differences between the three species described above could account for the latter differences. If only one particular motivational configuration can be assumed to be required for a display to occur in any situation, then a approach/withdrawal conflict to a male intruder and a female showing willingness to spawn must elicit the same motivational configuration. It was concluded that species divergences in the activation level of certain motivational factors are reflected in this particular momentary motivational configuration. Characteristics of each species' ecological niche in Lake George, to which they are all endemic, have been discussed with respect to the factors selecting for these motivational divergences, It was concluded that the hypothesis is supported that adaptations for features of a species' habitat may cause divergences in display behavior that are not directly selected for their signal value. This occurs through selection for optimal activation levels of motivational factors that in the behavioral organization control both responsiveness to types of environmental stimuli and motor patterns of display.

scholarly journals Morphological and hematological studies of Trypanosoma spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1149-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Y. Fujimoto ◽  
Mikaelle S. Neves ◽  
Ruda F.B. Santos ◽  
Natalino C. Souza ◽  
Marcia V.S. do Couto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Hematological Response ◽  
Morphometric Characterization

A total of 281 specimens of freshwater armored ornamental fish species (Leporacanthicus galaxias, Lasiancistrus saetiger, Cochliodon sp., Hypostomus sp., Pseudacanthicus spinosus, Ancistrus sp. and Rineloricaria cf. lanceolata) were captured at the hydrological basin of Guamá River, Pará, Brazil. The infection by Trypanosoma spp. was inspected. The morphological and morphometric characterization of the parasites and the hematological parameters were determined. Leporacanthicus galaxias and Pseudacanthicus spinosus presented 100% infection prevalence, and the other species showed a variable prevalence of infection. The parasites showed clearly different morphotypes and dimensions, and probably belong to different species. The hematological response to the infection varied with the host. Cochliodon sp. showed no differences between infected and not infected fish. In other species several modifications on some hematological parameters were found, but apparently without causing disease. It is emphasized the possibility of introduction of the parasites in new environments due to the artificial movements of these ornamental fish.

scholarly journals Checklist and practical identification key for the cichlid fishes (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) of the La Plata drainage in Bolivia, including three new geographical records

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal I. Hablützel ◽  
Robert B. Huanto
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Cichlid Fishes ◽  
La Plata ◽  
Bolivian Amazon ◽  
Voucher Specimens ◽  
Historia Natural

AbstractIn comparison with the Bolivian Amazon, the ichthyofauna of the La Plata drainage of Bolivia received relatively little attention historically. Until now, 14 species of cichlid fish have been registered from this area. After an exhaustive review of museum collections (Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado y Colección Boliviana de Fauna), we can report three additional species: Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840), Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840) and Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840). Four other species, which have been listed in previous publications, can be confirmed for the La Plata drainage of Bolivia based on the examination of voucher specimens: Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984, Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906), A. trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903) and Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840. As such, 16 of the 17 species can be referenced with voucher specimens in museum collections. We also provide an identification key for the cichlid fish species of the study area.

scholarly journals English /r/ in L2 and Pidgin/Creole Languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mousa
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Creole Languages ◽  
Jamaican Creole

This study aims to investigate how Arab L1 learners of English and speakers of the Broad Jamaican Creole cope with the production of the approximant /r/ preconsonantly, post vocalically and in Stop+/r/ clusters, according to the RP norm. To this end, a list of words containing the approximant in the above three environments was given to the two groups, to read. Their production was tape recorded and transcribed. The approximant was nearly totally produced as trill in the three environments by the Arab learners, though one learner managed to produce an American-like /r/ in addition to the trill. On the other hand, the Jamaican informants produced the approximant according to the RP norm and as an American-like /r/. Whereas Lass’s (1984) assumption regarding the preference for trills proved to be true for the Arab learners, it was not the case with the Jamaican informants, in whose production trill was entirely absent. The study also provided further support to the view that phonological acquisition is achieved by gradual reinforcement of motor patterns.

scholarly journals Motivational Factors in Organisational Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Biewendt ◽  
Florian Blaschke ◽  
Arno Böhnert
Keyword(s):  
Organisational Change ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corporate Structure ◽  
Recommendations For Action ◽  
Individual Productivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The presented paper gives an overview of the most important and most common theories and concepts from the economic field of organisational change and is also enriched with quantitative publication data, which underlines the relevance of the topic. In particular, the topic presented is interwoven in an interdisciplinary way with economic psychological models, which are underpinned within the models with content from leading scholars in the field. The pace of change in companies is accelerating, as is technological change in our society. Adaptations of the corporate structure, but also of management techniques and tasks, are therefore indispensable. This includes not only the right approaches to employee motivation, but also the correct use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Based on the hypothesis put forward by the scientist and researcher Rollinson in his book “Organisational behaviour and analysis” that managers believe motivational resources are available at all times, socio-economic and economic psychological theories are contrasted here in order to critically examine this statement. In addition, a fictitious company was created as a model for this work in order to illustrate the effects of motivational deficits in practice. In this context, the theories presented are applied to concrete problems within the model and conclusions are drawn about their influence and applicability. This led to the conclusion that motivation is a very individual challenge for each employee, which requires adapted and personalised approaches. On the other hand, the recommendations for action for supervisors in the case of motivation deficits also cannot be answered in a blanket manner, but can only be solved with the help of professional, expert-supported processing due to the economic-psychological realities of motivation. Identifying, analysing and remedying individual employee motivation deficits is, according to the authors, a problem and a challenge of great importance, especially in the context of rapidly changing ecosystems in modern companies, as motivation also influences other factors such as individual productivity. The authors therefore conclude that good motivation through the individual and customised promotion and further training of employees is an important point for achieving important corporate goals in order to remain competitive on the one hand and to create a productive and pleasant working environment on the other.

Changing shape according to strength: Evidence from root allomorphy in Greek

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthi Revithiadou ◽  
Giorgos Markopoulos ◽  
Vassilios Spyropoulos
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
Vocabulary Item ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The One ◽  
Surface Realization

Abstract In this article we examine patterns of root allomorphy in Greek that involve vowel alternations and propose a Generalized Non-linear Affixation (Bermúdez-Otero 2012) analysis according to which these alternations result from the competition between segments that belong, on the one hand, to the vocabulary items of roots and, on the other, to the exponents of functional heads (Voice/Aspect, n). More specifically, we claim that phonological entities have a gradient degree of presence in a structure, that is, are specified with a certain activation strength value underlyingly (Smolensky and Goldrick 2016). As a result, the surface realization of roots is determined by the relevant activation level of the exponents of functional heads they are eventually combined with. From all available exponents, the one that optimally complements the strength value of the vocabulary item of a given root will eventually surface. Our analysis is shown to be theoretically advantageous because it develops a strictly phonological account of allomorphy and, moreover, it captures the attested generalizations without resorting to extensive stem/span listing or to the application of phonologically unrestricted readjustment rules.

Anxiety and Two Cognitive Forms of Resistance to the Idea of Death

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Golding ◽  
George E. Atwood ◽  
Richard A. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Defense Model ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Affective Orientation

A relationship between affective orientation to death and two cognitive forms of resistance to the idea of death was hypothesized. Affect was measured by the Sarnoff Fear of Death Scale (Sarnoff & Corwin, 1959). One form of resistance was examined by using a perceptual defense model employing neutral- and death-related words; the other was connotative rigidity, a postulated associative inflexibility of death-related concepts. This rigidity was conceived as a clustering of death-related words on the Evaluative (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A) factors of the semantic differential (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957), and was mathematically expressed as a variance score. Death-related words, presented tachistoscopically, proved significantly more difficult to recognize than neutral words ( p < .01). No significant relationships were demonstrated between affective orientation to death and the two forms of resistance. However, significant correlations between the measures of perceptual defense and connotative rigidity were obtained. In interpreting the results a defense model was used, according to which connotative rigidity and perceptual defense are derivatives of the same general factor.

Spatial and temporal repeatability in parasite community structure of tropical fish hosts

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. VIDAL-MARTÍNEZ ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Tropical Fish ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Interspecific Associations ◽  
Red Grouper

An assessment is made of the repeatability of parasite community structure in space for a marine fish, and in space and time for a freshwater fish from south-eastern Mexico. The marine fish species was the red grouper,Epinephelus morio(collected from 9 localities), and the freshwater species was the cichlid,Cichlasoma urophthalmus(collected from 6 localities: including monthly at 2 localities for 1 year, and bimonthly at 1 locality in 1990 and 1999). Pairwise interspecific associations and analyses of nested patterns in the distributions of parasite species among hosts were used in both fish species, with comparisons over time made only with the cichlid. Positive interspecific associations, and nested patterns were noted in some localities for both fish species, and/or at some sampling times for the cichlid fish. However, non-random patterns in the structure of parasite communities in these 2 host species only were observed sporadically. When present, nestedness in both fish species was apparently linked with a positive association between total infection intensities and fish size. Additionally, adjacent localities were more likely to display similar parasite community structure than distant ones. This preliminary result suggests that distance between localities is an important determinant of predictability in parasite community structure.

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