Ultrastructure of feeding plugs and feeding tubes formed by Heterodera schachtii

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Sobczak ◽  
Wladyslaw Golinowski ◽  
Florian M.W. Grundler

Abstract The development of feeding plugs and feeding tubes formed in syncytia induced by the cyst-forming nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana was examined at the ultrastructural level. The feeding plug was first observed 24 h after selection of the initial syncytial cell (ISC) and was present throughout the entire nematode life cycle. In later stages of nematode development the feeding plug became increasingly robust and infiltrated by fibrillar syncytial wall material while the central part, through which the nematode stylet was inserted, retained an amorphous structure. Neither the feeding plug nor the nematode stylet were observed to penetrate the plasmalemma of the syncytium. After the nematode completed the preparation phase for feeding, the first secretions were released from the stylet orifice and emitted through the plasmalemma into the cytoplasm. They formed uniformly osmiophilic wavy tubes without an electron translucent lumen. The first typical feeding tubes were found 24 h after ISC selection and were composed of an electron dense wall and an electron translucent lumen. The size of a single feeding tube was about 1 X 4 mum. No difference occurred between feeding tubes formed by male and female juveniles. Frequently, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were connected to the wall of feeding tubes. After the nematode completed feeding, the tubes were disassociated from the stylet orifice and were dispersed in the syncytial cytoplasm. The feeding tube lumen was filled with cytoplasm and the wall gradually degraded. Die Ultrastruktur der von Heterodera schachtii gebildeten Dichtungsstopfen und Saugrohrchen - Die Entwicklung von Dichtungsstopfen (feeding plugs) und Saugrohrchen (feeding tubes), die in den von dem Zystennematoden Heterodera schachtii induzierten Synzytien in den Wurzeln von Arabidopsis thaliana gebildet werden, wurden auf der Ebene der Ultrastruktur untersucht. Die ersten Dichtungsstopfen wurden 24 h nach der Auswahl der Synzytiuminitialzelle (ISC) durch den Nematoden beobachtet. Sie waren wahrend des gesamten Lebenszyklus des Nematoden vorhanden. In den spateren Entwicklungsstadien der Nematoden wurde der Dichtungsstopfen zunehmend robuster und von fiblillarem Material aus der Zellwand durchdrungen. Der zentrale Teil des Stopfens, durch den der Mundstachel des Nematoden in die ISC ragte, behielt eine amorphe Struktur. Es wurde nicht beobachtet, dass der Dichtungsstopfen oder der Mundstachel das Plasmalemma durchbrachen. Nachdem der Nematode die vorbereitende Phase der Nahrungsaufnahme abgeschlossen hatte, traten die ersten Sekrete aus der Mundstacheloffnung aus und wurden durch das Plasmalemma hindurch in das Zytoplasma abgegeben. Sie bildeten gleichmassig osmiophile, wellige Rohrchen ohne ein elektronendurchlassiges Lumen. Die ersten typischen Saugrohrchen wurden 24 h nach der Auswahl der ISC gefunden. Sie bestanden aus einer elektronendichten Wand und einem elektronendurchlassigen Lumen. Die Grosse eines einzelnen Saugrohrchens betrug ungefahr 1 X 4 mum. Zwischen den von mannlichen oder von weiblichen Juvenilen gebildeten Saugrohrchen traten keine Unterschiede auf. Haufig waren Membranen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums mit den Wanden von Saugrohrchen verbunden. Wenn der Nematode die Nahrungsaufnahme abgeschlossen hatte, wurden die Saugrohrchen von der Offnung des Mundstachels getrennt und im synzytialen Zytoplama verteilt. Das Lumen dieser Saugrohrchen war mit Zytoplasma gefullt, und die Wand wurde langsam abgebaut.

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1027-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahbaz Anwar ◽  
Erich Inselsbacher ◽  
Florian M.W. Grundler ◽  
Julia Hofmann

The plant-parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in the roots of host plants. These syncytia provide all required nutrients, water and solutes to the parasites. Previous studies on the composition of primary metabolites in syncytia revealed significantly increased amino acid levels. However, mainly due to technical limitations, little is known about the role of arginine in plant-nematode interactions. This free amino acid plays a central role in the plant primary metabolism and serves as substrate for metabolites involved in plant stress responses. Thus, in the present work, expression of genes coding for the enzymes of arginine metabolism were studied in nematode-induced syncytia compared to non-infected control roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, amiRNA lines were constructed and T-DNA lines were isolated to test their effects on nematode development. While the silencing of genes involved in arginine synthesis increased nematode development, most T-DNA lines did not show any significant difference from the wild type. Amino acid analyses of syncytia showed that they accumulate high arginine levels. In addition, manipulating arginine cycling had a global effect on the local amino acid composition in syncytia as well as on the systemic amino acid levels in roots and shoots.


Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Böckenhoff ◽  
F. M. W. Grundler

SUMMARYA method was developed, which enables substances to be injected into the feeding structure (syncytium) established by Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. The technique was used to study the uptake of nutrients by the feeding nematode. The fluorescent dye lucifer yellow CH (LYCH) and fluorescence-labelled dextrans of different molecular weights were injected into the thin and translucent roots of A. thaliana. Such roots are a feature of this plant and they provide optimal conditions for microinjection. Injected LYCH was taken up by feeding juveniles and adults, indicated by the staining of the alimentary duct and the digestive system. Fluorescent dextrans of 3, 10 and 20 kDa but not of 40 and 70 kDa were ingested, suggesting that molecules of a maximum Stokes radius of 3·2 to 4·4 nm are taken up. It is likely that the feeding tube, forming the interface between the plant cytosol and the nematode's digestive system, is responsible for this size exclusion effect. The injected fluorescent substances were not detected in plant cells adjacent to the syncytium or in the root vascular elements. Injections into parts of roots which were infested by several nematodes revealed that feeding H. schachtii individuals may share one syncytium.


Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofmann ◽  
Florian Grundler

AbstractSedentary cyst and root-knot nematodes withdraw large amounts of solutes from feeding structures induced in host roots. The feeding structures are specialised cells with a high metabolic activity and a tremendous capacity in translocation of nutrients. The required nutrients are provided by the plant transport systems – water and inorganic solutes from the xylem, assimilates such as sugars and amino acids from the phloem. Here we discuss the available data on the mechanisms by which nutrients are translocated into the nematode feeding sites. The interaction between Heterodera schachtii and Arabidopsis thaliana serves as a model system for cyst nematodes. In this case sufficient data are available to propose a conclusive concept for the mechanisms of nutrient flow: basically, in the early stages of nematode development syncytia are symplasmically isolated, so that transport proteins are responsible for the nutrient supply. Later, connections to the phloem via plasmodesmata are established, so that developing females are well supplied with assimilates. The interactions of root-knot nematodes with their hosts share a number of similarities but the data currently available are not sufficient to draw similar conclusions. As nutrient supply and functionality of feeding structures are the basis of biotrophic parasitism of sedentary nematodes, it is tempting to unravel the mechanisms by which both plant and nematodes influence each other via nutrient fluxes.


1996 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1421-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bockenhoff ◽  
DAM. Prior ◽  
FMW. Grundler ◽  
K. J. Oparka

2016 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 416-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Labudda ◽  
Elżbieta Różańska ◽  
Joanna Szewińska ◽  
Mirosław Sobczak ◽  
Jolanta Maria Dzik

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S22-S23
Author(s):  
Sarah Zavala ◽  
Ashley Wang ◽  
Cheryl W Zhang ◽  
Jennifer M Larson ◽  
Yuk Ming Liu

Abstract Introduction Many patients treated on a burn unit require tube feeding as their primary caloric source or as supplemental feeding due to their injuries. Burn patients specifically require higher caloric intake due to the hypermetabolic state of burn injuries. Inadequate nutritional support contributes to longer ICU stays and higher mortality. Clogged feeding tubes reduce nutrition provided due to temporary discontinuation of feeding. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for the incidence of tube clogging. Methods This was a single-center retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to an American Burn Association-verified Burn Unit between August 2017 and October 2019 who received tube feeds during their admission. Data collected included baseline demographics, clinical outcomes, and details about tube feed formulations, number of clogs, and details leading up to the clog. Baseline demographics were compared using descriptive statistics. Nominal data was compared using Chi-square test. Continuous data was analyzed using student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results A total of 170 patients were included; admission diagnoses included burn (97), soft tissue infections (29), SJS/TEN (11), and others (33). At least one clogged feeding tube was experienced by 51 patients and some experienced up to seven separate clogs. SJS/TEN patients were less likely to experience a clog (9.2 vs 0%, p = 0.035) and frostbite patients were more likely to experience a clog (0 vs 5.9%, p = 0.026). Burn mechanism did not affect incidence of tube feed clog, but patients with larger total body surface area (TBSA) burned were more likely to have a clog (15.55 vs 25.03%, p = 0.004). It was a median of 12 days until the first clog occurred (IQR 7.8–17.3). Two tube feed formulas demonstrated an increased likelihood of clog: a renal formulation (16.8 vs 33.3%, p = 0.017) and a polymeric concentrated product (5.0 vs 17.6%, p = 0.008). Both products have a high viscosity. Patients who experienced a clog had a longer length of stay (21.5 vs 44.0 days, p = 0.001). Conclusions This study identified several risk factors associated with higher incidence of clogged feeding tube in the burn unit including tube feed formulation and viscosity, admission diagnosis, and larger TBSA in burn patients. This study also confirms that clogged feeding tubes, and the resultant insufficient nutritional support, may contribute to an increased length of stay.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Brian Krafte-Jacobs ◽  
Melody Persinger ◽  
Jeannean Carver ◽  
Lori Moore ◽  
Richard Brilli

Objective. To compare transpyloric feeding tube placement using a pH-assisted placement technique versus a standard placement technique in pediatric patients requiring enteral nutrition. Methods. Critically ill children younger than 4 years were prospectively and randomly assigned to either a pH-assisted or a standard feeding tube placement group. Identical pH-assisted feeding tubes were used in both groups; however, feeding tubes in the standard group were not attached to a portable pH meter. Successful transpyloric placement was confirmed by radiography before beginning feedings. If placement was not successful, a second placement attempt was made after metoclopramide administration. Information regarding tube placement success, number of radiographs, time to initiaction of feedings, and daily caloric intake was collected. A cost comparison between the two groups was performed. Results. Thirty-four patients were enrolled in the pH-assisted group, and 34 were enrolled in the standard feeding tube group. Ninety-seven percent of patients in the pH-assisted group had successful placement after the first attempt, compared with 53% of patients in the standard group. The average time to successful placement of pH-assisted feeding tubes was 6 minutes. All patients in the pH-assisted group had successful placement after the second attempt, compared with 78% of patients in the standard group. A pH of greater than 5.6 accurately predicted transpyloric placement in 97% (33 of 34) of individuals in the pH-assisted group. Children in the pH-assisted group required significantly fewer radiographs than those in the standard group. Hospital costs were $114 per patient in the pH-assisted group and $135 per patient in the standard group. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that bedside transpyloric placement of pH-assisted feeding tubes can be accomplished rapidly and with a high success rate. This method is associated with decreased radiation exposure and economic savings when compared with a standard placement technique.


2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra O’Meara ◽  
Eduardo Mireles-Cabodevila ◽  
Fran Frame ◽  
A. Christine Hummell ◽  
Jeffrey Hammel ◽  
...  

Background Published reports consistently describe incomplete delivery of prescribed enteral nutrition. Which specific step in the process delays or interferes with the administration of a full dose of nutrients is unclear. Objectives To assess factors associated with interruptions in enteral nutrition in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods An observational prospective study of 59 consecutive patients who required mechanical ventilation and were receiving enteral nutrition was done in an 18-bed medical intensive care unit of an academic center. Data were collected prospectively on standardized forms. Steps involved in the feeding process from admission to discharge were recorded, each step was timed, and delivery of nutrition was quantified. Results Patients received approximately 50% (mean, 1106.3; SD, 885.9 Cal) of the prescribed caloric needs. Enteral nutrition was interrupted 27.3% of the available time. A mean of 1.13 interruptions occurred per patient per day; enteral nutrition was interrupted a mean of 6 (SD, 0.9) hours per patient each day. Prolonged interruptions were mainly associated with problems related to small-bore feeding tubes (25.5%), increased residual volumes (13.3%), weaning (11.7%), and other reasons (22.8%). Placement and confirmation of placement of the small-bore feeding tube were significant causes of incomplete delivery of nutrients on the day of admission. Conclusions Delivery of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation is interrupted by practices embedded in the care of these patients. Evaluation of the process reveals areas to improve the delivery of enteral nutrition.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qing-Jun Jiang ◽  
Cai-Feng Jiang ◽  
Qi-Tong Chen ◽  
Jian Shi ◽  
Bin Shi

Background. Critically ill patients can benefit from enteral nutrition with postpyloric feeding tubes, but the low success rate limits its wide use. Erythromycin could elevate the success rate of tube insertion, but its clinical efficiency still remains controversial. Methods. Included studies must be RCTs which assessed the success rate of postpyloric feeding tube insertion using erythromycin. Results. 284 patients were enrolled in six studies. Meta-analysis showed that erythromycin significantly increases the rate of successful postpyloric feeding tube placement (RR 1.45, 95% CI (1.12, 1.86)) and did not increase the risk of adverse effects (RR 2.15, 95% CI (0.20, 22.82)). Subgroup analysis showed that unweighted feeding tubes (RR 1.47, 95% CI (1.03, 2.11)) could significantly increase the success rate. Country of study, intravenous route of erythromycin, and year of participant enrollment did not influence these results. Conclusions. Erythromycin significantly increases the success rate of postpyloric feeding tube placement. This suggests that erythromycin can be used as an auxiliary method to improve the success rate of bedside insertion.


2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kurien ◽  
Jake Williams ◽  
David S. Sanders

Malnutrition can adversely affect physical and psychological function, influencing both morbidity and mortality. Despite the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated health and economic costs, malnutrition remains under-detected and under-treated in differing healthcare settings. For a subgroup of malnourished individuals, a gastrostomy (a feeding tube placed directly into the stomach) may be required to provide long-term nutritional support. In this review we explore the spectrum and consequences of malnutrition in differing healthcare settings. We then specifically review gastrostomies as a method of providing nutritional support. The review highlights the origins of gastrostomies, and discusses how endoscopic and radiological advances have culminated in an increased demand and placement of gastrostomy feeding tubes. Several studies have raised concerns about the benefits derived following this intervention and also about the patients selected to undergo this procedure. These studies are discussed in detail in this review, alongside suggestions for future research to help better delineate those who will benefit most from this intervention, and improve understanding about how gastrostomies influence nutritional outcomes.


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