scholarly journals Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13464
Author(s):  
Yun Song ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei ◽  
Abdul Jaleel ◽  
Maozhi Ren
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Biotic Stresses

The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization.

scholarly journals Protein Prenylation in Plant Stress Responses

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Hála ◽  
Viktor Žárský
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Small Gtpases ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Protein Prenylation ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
As Stress

Protein prenylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. Prenylated proteins play important roles in different developmental processes as well as stress responses in plants as the addition of hydrophobic prenyl chains (mostly farnesyl or geranyl) allow otherwise hydrophilic proteins to operate as peripheral lipid membrane proteins. This review focuses on selected aspects connecting protein prenylation with plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. It summarizes how changes in protein prenylation impact plant growth, deals with several families of proteins involved in stress response and highlights prominent regulatory importance of prenylated small GTPases and chaperons. Potential possibilities of these proteins to be applicable for biotechnologies are discussed.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 Are Required in Plant Responses to Multiple Stress Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Hui Feng ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Dengfeng Dong ◽  
Ruiyang Zhou ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Multiple Stress ◽  
Protein Ubiquitination ◽  
E2 Enzymes ◽  
Erad Pathway

Protein ubiquitination plays important roles in plants, including stress responses. The ubiquitin (Ub) E2 enzymes are required in the transfer of Ub to a substrate and are also important in determining the Ub-chain linkage specificity. However, for many of the 37 E2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, there is currently little or no understanding of their functions. In this study, we investigated three members of an E2 subfamily. The single, double, and triple mutants of UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 did not show any phenotypic changes under normal conditions, but were more sensitive than the wild-type (WT) plants to multiple stress conditions, suggesting that the three genes are not critical for normal growth, but required in plant stress responses. The severity of the phenotypes increased from single to triple mutants, suggesting that the functions of the three genes are not completely redundant. The three E2s are closely related to the yeast Ubc7 and its homologs in animals and human, which are an important component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. The stress sensitivity phenotypes of the mutants and shared evolutionary root with the Ubc7 homologs in yeast and metazoans suggest that UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 may function in the plant ERAD pathway.

scholarly journals Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8568
Author(s):  
Yun Wang ◽  
Salma Mostafa ◽  
Wen Zeng ◽  
Biao Jin
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Stress Responses

As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses.

scholarly journals Mapping proteome-wide targets of protein kinases in plant stress responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 3270-3280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Wang ◽  
Chuan-Chih Hsu ◽  
Yanyan Du ◽  
Peipei Zhu ◽  
Chunzhao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Casein Kinase 1

Protein kinases are major regulatory components in almost all cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. By adding phosphate groups, protein kinases regulate the activity, localization, protein–protein interactions, and other features of their target proteins. It is known that protein kinases are central components in plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought, high salinity, cold, and pathogen attack. However, only a few targets of these protein kinases have been identified. Moreover, how these protein kinases regulate downstream biological processes and mediate stress responses is still largely unknown. In this study, we introduce a strategy based on isotope-labeled in vitro phosphorylation reactions using in vivo phosphorylated peptides as substrate pools and apply this strategy to identify putative substrates of nine protein kinases that function in plant abiotic and biotic stress responses. As a result, we identified more than 5,000 putative target sites of osmotic stress-activated SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.6, abscisic acid-activated protein kinases SnRK2.6 and casein kinase 1-like 2 (CKL2), elicitor-activated protein kinase CDPK11 and MPK6, cold-activated protein kinase MPK6, H2O2-activated protein kinase OXI1 and MPK6, and salt-induced protein kinase SOS1 and MPK6, as well as the low-potassium-activated protein kinase CIPK23. These results provide comprehensive information on the role of these protein kinases in the control of cellular activities and could be a valuable resource for further studies on the mechanisms underlying plant responses to environmental stresses.

scholarly journals Combating stress: the interplay between hormone signaling and autophagy in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1723-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Yi Liao ◽  
Diane C Bassham
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Energy Sensor ◽  
Sensor Kinases ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract Autophagy is a conserved recycling process in which cellular components are delivered to and degraded in the vacuole/lysosome for reuse. In plants, it assists in responding to dynamic environmental conditions and maintaining metabolite homeostasis under normal or stress conditions. Under stress, autophagy is activated to remove damaged components and to recycle nutrients for survival, and the energy sensor kinases target of rapamycin (TOR) and SNF-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) are key to this activation. Here, we discuss accumulating evidence that hormone signaling plays critical roles in regulating autophagy and plant stress responses, although the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are often not clear. Several hormones have been shown to regulate TOR activity during stress, in turn controlling autophagy. Hormone signaling can also regulate autophagy gene expression, while, reciprocally, autophagy can regulate hormone synthesis and signaling pathways. We highlight how the interplay between major energy sensors, plant hormones, and autophagy under abiotic and biotic stress conditions can assist in plant stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Broad and Complex Roles of NBR1-Mediated Selective Autophagy in Plant Stress Responses

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2562
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Zhixiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Protein Aggregates ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Stress Memory ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Cargo Proteins ◽  
Plant Stress Responses

Selective autophagy is a highly regulated degradation pathway for the removal of specific damaged or unwanted cellular components and organelles such as protein aggregates. Cargo selectivity in selective autophagy relies on the action of cargo receptors and adaptors. In mammalian cells, two structurally related proteins p62 and NBR1 act as cargo receptors for selective autophagy of ubiquitinated proteins including aggregation-prone proteins in aggrephagy. Plant NBR1 is the structural and functional homolog of mammalian p62 and NBR1. Since its first reports almost ten years ago, plant NBR1 has been well established to function as a cargo receptor for selective autophagy of stress-induced protein aggregates and play an important role in plant responses to a broad spectrum of stress conditions including heat, salt and drought. Over the past several years, important progress has been made in the discovery of specific cargo proteins of plant NBR1 and their roles in the regulation of plant heat stress memory, plant-viral interaction and special protein secretion. There is also new evidence for a possible role of NBR1 in stress-induced pexophagy, sulfur nutrient responses and abscisic acid signaling. In this review, we summarize these progresses and discuss the potential significance of NBR1-mediated selective autophagy in broad plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses.

Arginine metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana is modulated by Heterodera schachtii infection

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1027-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahbaz Anwar ◽  
Erich Inselsbacher ◽  
Florian M.W. Grundler ◽  
Julia Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Arginine Metabolism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Nematode Development

The plant-parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in the roots of host plants. These syncytia provide all required nutrients, water and solutes to the parasites. Previous studies on the composition of primary metabolites in syncytia revealed significantly increased amino acid levels. However, mainly due to technical limitations, little is known about the role of arginine in plant-nematode interactions. This free amino acid plays a central role in the plant primary metabolism and serves as substrate for metabolites involved in plant stress responses. Thus, in the present work, expression of genes coding for the enzymes of arginine metabolism were studied in nematode-induced syncytia compared to non-infected control roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, amiRNA lines were constructed and T-DNA lines were isolated to test their effects on nematode development. While the silencing of genes involved in arginine synthesis increased nematode development, most T-DNA lines did not show any significant difference from the wild type. Amino acid analyses of syncytia showed that they accumulate high arginine levels. In addition, manipulating arginine cycling had a global effect on the local amino acid composition in syncytia as well as on the systemic amino acid levels in roots and shoots.

scholarly journals Sensing stress responses in potato with whole-plant redox imaging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matanel Hipsch ◽  
Nardy Lampl ◽  
Einat Zelinger ◽  
Orel Barda ◽  
Daniel Waiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Whole Plant

Abstract Environmental stresses are among the major factors that limit crop productivity and plant growth. Various nondestructive approaches for monitoring plant stress states have been developed. However, early sensing of the initial biochemical events during stress responses remains a significant challenge. In this work, we established whole-plant redox imaging using potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing a chloroplast-targeted redox-sensitive green fluorescence protein 2 (roGFP2), which reports the glutathione redox potential (EGSH). Ratiometric imaging analysis demonstrated the probe response to redox perturbations induced by H2O2, DTT, or a GSH biosynthesis inhibitor. We mapped alteration in the chloroplast EGSH under several stress conditions including, high-light, cold and drought. An extremely high increase in chloroplast EGSH was observed under the combination of high-light and low temperatures, conditions that specifically induce PSI photoinhibition. Intriguingly, we noted a higher reduced state in newly developed compared to mature leaves under steady-state and stress conditions, suggesting a graded stress sensitivity as part of the plant strategies for coping with stress. The presented observations suggest that whole-plant redox imaging can serve as a powerful tool for the basic understanding of plant stress responses and applied agricultural research, such as toward improving phenotyping capabilities in breeding programs and early detection of stress responses in the field.

scholarly journals Coordination and Crosstalk between Autophagosome and Multivesicular Body Pathways in Plant Stress Responses

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengxue Wang ◽  
Xifeng Li ◽  
Shuwei Luo ◽  
Baofang Fan ◽  
Cheng Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Multivesicular Body ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Vacuolar Protein

In eukaryotic cells, autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are two closely related partners in the lysosomal/vacuolar protein degradation system. Autophagosomes are double membrane-bound organelles that transport cytoplasmic components, including proteins and organelles for autophagic degradation in the lysosomes/vacuoles. MVBs are single-membrane organelles in the endocytic pathway that contain intraluminal vesicles whose content is either degraded in the lysosomes/vacuoles or recycled to the cell surface. In plants, both autophagosome and MVB pathways play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. More recent studies have revealed that autophagosomes and MVBs also act together in plant stress responses in a variety of processes, including deployment of defense-related molecules, regulation of cell death, trafficking and degradation of membrane and soluble constituents, and modulation of plant hormone metabolism and signaling. In this review, we discuss these recent findings on the coordination and crosstalk between autophagosome and MVB pathways that contribute to the complex network of plant stress responses.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: Potential Targets for Developing Stress-Tolerant Crops

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Saurabh Chaudhary ◽  
Atul Grover ◽  
Prakash Chand Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing

Crop yield is challenged every year worldwide by changing climatic conditions. The forecasted climatic scenario urgently demands stress-tolerant crop varieties to feed the ever-increasing global population. Molecular breeding and genetic engineering approaches have been frequently exploited for developing crops with desired agronomic traits. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as powerful molecules, which potentially serve as expression markers during stress conditions. The miRNAs are small non-coding endogenous RNAs, usually 20–24 nucleotides long, which mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing and fine-tune the regulation of many abiotic- and biotic-stress responsive genes in plants. The miRNAs usually function by specifically pairing with the target mRNAs, inducing their cleavage or repressing their translation. This review focuses on the exploration of the functional role of miRNAs in regulating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Moreover, a methodology is also discussed to mine stress-responsive miRNAs from the enormous amount of transcriptome data available in the public domain generated using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Considering the functional role of miRNAs in mediating stress responses, these molecules may be explored as novel targets for engineering stress-tolerant crop varieties.

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