scholarly journals In and Out of Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-562
Author(s):  
Olof Reichenberg
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Job Control ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Standard Classification

Abstract The present study aimed to predict job control (i.e., task discretion) based on class and occupation with skill use as a (hypothesized) mechanism in four Western European countries by using the OECD adult skill survey (PIAAC). The countries were Denmark, Belgium, Italy, and the United Kingdom (UK). The study used a Bayesian approach that included multilevel models combined with measurement models. The study uses the international standard classification of occupations with two digits (clustering variable) as well as the European socioeconomic classification (ESeC) measured with three social classes. The results indicate that greater worker technical skills (computer use) and social skills (e.g., negotiate and influence) predict higher levels of job control. Social classes interact with skills to predict job control (except Belgium). Occupational computer skills predict job control (in Belgium and Italy). In conclusion, the study supports predictions by neo-Durkheimians, neo-Weberians, New Structuralists, and relational approaches to inequality.

scholarly journals Measuring the Significance of Policy Outputs with Positive Unlabeled Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
RADOSLAW ZUBEK ◽  
ABHISHEK DASGUPTA ◽  
DAVID DOYLE
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pu Learning ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Small Set

Identifying important policy outputs has long been of interest to political scientists. In this work, we propose a novel approach to the classification of policies. Instead of obtaining and aggregating expert evaluations of significance for a finite set of policy outputs, we use experts to identify a small set of significant outputs and then employ positive unlabeled (PU) learning to search for other similar examples in a large unlabeled set. We further propose to automate the first step by harvesting “seed” sets of significant outputs from web data. We offer an application of the new approach by classifying over 9,000 government regulations in the United Kingdom. The obtained estimates are successfully validated against human experts, by forecasting web citations, and with a construct validity test.

Ethical classification of ME/CFS in the United Kingdom

Bioethics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United Kingdom

Welcome to proplist

1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (14) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Hospital Pharmacists ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
The United Kingdom

We welcome Proplist, which will ultimately grade all proprietary drug preparations available in the United Kingdom according to their relative clinical value. It is compiled by the Standing Joint Committee on the Classification of Proprietary Preparations (the Macgregor Committee). Proplist is being distributed free to doctors in general practice and in hospitals, and to hospital pharmacists. Other pharmacists and pharmaceutical firms will be able to buy copies at 4/- each.

Understanding the Location and Role of Producer Services in the United Kingdom

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Marshall ◽  
P Damesick ◽  
P Wood
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Service Activities

The growth of output and employment in services and their dominance in many local economies have increased academic interest in service activities. This paper is an examination of the contribution of producer services to the economy and their role in uneven development. Questions of definition plague the analysis of services, and a definition and classification of producer services are proposed. Existing research on producer services is reviewed and a framework for understanding their location and role outlined.

scholarly journals COLLECTIVE MANIFESTATION OF EUROSCEPTIC PARTIES AND GROUPS CRITICAL IDEAS IN EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Palupi Anggraheni ◽  
Chitra Regina Apris
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
Structural Conduciveness

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU) increases awareness of how far the Euroscepticism ideas spread among EU's members. As one of the pivotal EU members, the UK's withdrawal will bring consequences, especially how other countries' members perceived this action. The research focuses on how far the Eurosceptic party's critical ideas are manifested in the European Union treaties. This type of research is descriptive and qualitative. The scope of this research will focus on the Euroscepticism parties and movements in Austria, France, Italy, Netherland, and the United Kingdom. In this study, the authors use the concept of Euroscepticism to explain the classification of parties into the Euroscepticism Hard and Soft category and Neil J. Smelser's Value-Added Collective Behaviour scheme to describe the determinants of their collective action against the European Union. The result of this research is that Euroscepticism spreads throughout Europe by manifesting their critical ideas through six determinants factor, such as structural conduciveness, structural tension, growth, and spread of general beliefs, trigger factors, participant mobility, and social control. The manifestation of critical ideas carried out by Euroscepticism parties in the three countries can be seen through the Single European Act, Maastricht Treaty, Treaty Establishing Constitution for Europe, Referendum British Exit. The culmination of collective action by the Eurosceptic parties was the launch of EU critical campaigns (No to EU!) As well as a significant vote in the EU parliamentary elections.

scholarly journals Taxation of passenger motor vehicles with environmental aspect

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The United Kingdom

The article deals with the issue of taxation of passenger motor vehicles in the Czech Republic and European Union member countries. It focuses on the topic of integrating environmental aspects into taxation systems of passenger motor vehicles with the aim of reducing production and releasing harmful substances into the air. CO2 emissions produced by combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by motor vehicles is described as the most harmful substance, and it is used as an tool for ecological taxation reforms in individual European Union member countries. With regards to taxation, the article deals with mechanisms of registration tax and road tax and defines relation between the two tax mechanisms and their positive and negative aspects. The article briefly defines individual taxation systems of motor vehicles in European Union member countries. In addition, it includes classification of those member countries which use CO2 emission-based registration tax and road tax. The article focuses in detail on road tax systems in Germany, Finnland and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom became the first member country to apply CO2 emissions-based rates of road tax. The conclusion of the article suggests a discussion over this issue in terms of the Czech Republic and modification of road tax based on reducing CO2 emissions.

Classification of ß-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S3-S9
Author(s):  
R. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The United Kingdom

The resistance of bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics, penicillins or cephalosporins, is usually associated with the production of β-lactamase enzymes which are capable of inactivating these compounds. A number of recent surveys have reported a significant increase in the frequency of isolation of β-lactamase-producing strains of bacteria from infections in general practice in the United Kingdom. A wide variety of bacterial β-lactamases with different properties have been described and it is now recognised that most bacteria produce a chromosomally-mediated β-lactamase which is characteristic of each species. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria may acquire β-lactamases which are mediated by plasmids which are readily transferable by cell to cell contact. Schemes for the classification of bacterial β-lactamases are outlined.

A Classification of Environmental “Hums” and Low Frequency Tinnitus

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Walford
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
General Classification ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Airborne Noise ◽  
Take All

Two thousand people in the United Kingdom have complained of hearing a continuous hum, audible to themselves alone. Some of these “hummers” were given acoustic tests comprising hum-matching, normal and low-frequency audiometry, and a tinnitus versus real-airborne-noise distinguishing test. Results were compared with those from seventy-three control subjects (audiometry alone) and with fifty-five hospital out-patients known to have low-frequency tinnitus. It is shown that the frequency distributions of “hummers” hums and throbs correlate closely with those of patients' low-frequency tinnitus, although no causal link is established. A general classification of hum types is proposed and means for distinguishing them are described. Applied to 48 “hummers” these show that ten have low-frequency tinnitus and four are hearing a real airborne noise. The remaining, 4 cannot be classified, mainly because they did not take all the tests. It is not claimed that these figures apply to “hummers” in general since the 48 tested were not a true sample of the “hummer” population.

scholarly journals Can a data driven obesity classification system identify those at risk of severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank cohort study?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Clark ◽  
Michelle Morris ◽  
Nik Lomax ◽  
Mark Birkin
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

AbstractCOVID-19 is a disease that has been shown to have outcomes that vary by certain socio-demographic and socio-economic groups. It is increasingly important that an understanding of these outcomes should be derived not from the consideration of one aspect, but by a more multi-faceted understanding of the individual. In this study use is made of a recent obesity driven classification of participants in the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) to identify trends in COVID-19 outcomes. This classification is informed by a recently created obesity systems map, and the COVID-19 outcomes are: undertaking a test, a positive test, hospitalisation and mortality. It is demonstrated that the classification is able to identify meaningful differentials in these outcomes. This more holistic approach is recommended for identification and prioritisation of COVID-19 risk and possible long-COVID determination.

What Are You Reading?

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-397
Author(s):  
Kim Solga
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Tuition Fees ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Tony Blair ◽  
The Public ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Government

In May 2010, a general election in the United Kingdom produced a coalition government headed by David Cameron's Conservatives and (nominally) the Liberal Democrats under deputy PM Nick Clegg. The coalition (still in power in 2014) quickly plunged the nation into a period of postcrash austerity the likes of which had not been seen for generations. When I landed at Heathrow in June 2012 to start a new job at Queen Mary University of London, the ground was thick with casualties—and getting thicker. Significant challenges to the U.K. welfare state have been launched before, of course: most visibly and famously under Margaret Thatcher, perhaps more insidiously and tenaciously under Tony Blair. Blair, having learned the lessons of Thatcher's blunt brutality, was a consummate salesman of the public–private partnership, but in 2010 the facade of “feel good” neoliberalism was almost instantly in danger of cracking. Shortly after the election, Clegg backtracked on his promise not to raise tuition fees, allowing the government to triple university students' annual bills to £9,000. By the end of that year protests had taken over the streets; Brits of all social classes were struggling, and angry.

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