The US Class Action Settlement Agreement in Cobell v. Salazar – An Adequate Redress for 120 Years of Mismanagement of Indian Lands and Funds?

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-290
Author(s):  
Katja Göcke
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Final Approval ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Settlement Agreement ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Indian Lands

In June 1996, five Indian beneficiaries filed a class action lawsuit on behalf of all present and past individual Indian trust beneficiaries against the US Department of the Interior and the Department of the Treasury for failing to properly manage and account for Indian trust assets, which have been held in trust by the US government for individual Indians since the end of the 19th century. On 7 December 2009, after thousands of court filings and over 80 published opinions, the parties settled the issue out of court by concluding the Cobell settlement agreement, which was subsequently endorsed by the US Congress and gained final approval from the competent court. According to the settlement agreement, the US government is obliged to pay USD 3.412 billion, thus making the Cobell settlement the largest settlement the US government has ever entered into.

Polygraph or Variograph?

2016 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Jan Widacki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 19Th Century

In Poland and only in Poland, a polygraph is occasionally called a “variograph”. For some, the argument in favor of the name “variograph” is that the term “polygraph” is allegedly misleading as it can be associated with the printing industry. The author argues that in other countries, the ambiguity of the name “polygraph” does not cause confusion. Furthermore, the author mentions several names synonymous with “polygraph” and recalls how the name of the device commonly known as the “lie-detector” has evolved in the US before it eventually became known as the “polygraph”. Finally, the author proves that the name “polygraph” was in use in the Polish physiological literature already in the 19th century, for denominating the device capable of simultaneously registering more than one physiological function of the human body.

Geography and State Power

Paper Trails ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
Cameron Blevins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
State Power ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Coercive Power ◽  
The Us ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Settler Colonization ◽  
The 19Th Century

Chapter 1 situates the US Post within the larger landscape of the 19th-century American state. Analyzing the geography of the US Post challenges traditional assumptions about how states are organized and the ways in which they exercise power. First, rather than functioning as a centralized bureaucracy, the US Post operated through the agency model: a decentralized organization in which small tasks are delegated to a scattered workforce of part-time local agents. Second, rather than exercising coercive power, the US Post operated through structural power, or the ability to shape the conditions under which people make decisions. Rather than weaknesses, these features were key to how the US Post was able to rapidly expand over recently conquered territory and, in doing so, tie together the machinery of governance and settler colonization in the western United States.

Taxing stock transfers in the first golden age of financial capitalism: political salience and the limits on the power of finance

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Massoc
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
The Us ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Financial Capitalism

Abstract The current debate about taxing financial transactions is often presented as a brand new one. It is not. At the turn of the 19th century, a similar tax was debated in France and the US Financial actors fought the tax mightily. Those actors were very powerful. Yet, they lost. A tax on stock transfers (STT) was established. Why? Through a comparative analysis of France and the State of New York, this article argues that the tax was adopted because politicians interested in capitalizing on public discontent endeavored to publicize and frame the STT in simple and antagonizing terms. Strong but heterogeneous public hostility against finance got focused on the explicitly politicized issue of the tax. Political salience disrupted the logics of ‘quiet politics’ and momentarily undermined the privileged position of finance. Despite intense lobbying and threats to relocate from financiers, elected officials chose to vote for the STT.

US South remains distinctive as divisions sharpen

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Us South ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 19Th Century

Significance The US South, defined as the eleven states of the 19th-century Confederacy, was a Democratic stronghold for 100 years after the Civil War. Now, with some of the country’s heaviest concentrations of Black Democratic supporters and White evangelical Republican voters, it encompasses the intensified schisms in contemporary politics. Impacts There will be seven Senate races in the South in November, two of which will not have an incumbent. Nine Southern states will have Republican governors in 2022, with Republican-controlled legislatures in ten. Beto O’Rourke, the Democrat who gave Republican Ted Cruz a close Senate race in 2018, is running for governor of Texas.

Digging Up a Painful Past

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-84
Author(s):  
Omar G. Encarnación
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Gay Rights ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
Briefing Paper ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government

This chapter talks about the Mattachine Society of Washington, DC, an organization that takes its name from the pioneering gay rights organization of the pre-Stonewall era. It looks at Charles Francis, the president of the Mattachine Society and a leading figure among American gay rights activists, who was a former Republican public relations consultant from Texas with close personal ties to the Bush family. It also discusses Francis’s activism aimed at securing an acknowledgment and apology from the US Congress for discriminatory actions taken by the federal government against LGBT Americans. This chapter analyses the Mattachine Society’s briefing paper “America’s Promise of Reconciliation and Redemption: The Need for an Official Acknowledgment and Apology for the Historic Government Assault on LGBT Federal Employees and Military Personnel,” and it emphasizes the mission of the new Mattachine Society on adjusting the legal struggle to secure an apology from the US government.

Stories and Structures

Paper Trails ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
Cameron Blevins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The Us ◽  
Postal Network ◽  
The 19Th Century

Chapter 2 follows the story of four siblings as they migrated westward and the role of the US Post in their lives. From the time they were orphaned as children in Ohio, the postal network connected Sarah, Jamie, Delia, and Benjamin Curtis across space. The Curtis siblings joined a migratory wave of people that washed across the western United States during the late 19th century. No matter where they moved, from a railway line on the central plains to a mill town in northern California to a backcountry ranch in Arizona, they could rely on the US Post’s expansive infrastructure to communicate with each other. Across dozens of surviving letters, the US Post’s structural power comes into focus, giving meaning to how its institutional arrangements and wider geography shaped everyday experiences and conditions in the 19th-century West.

scholarly journals Transfers and Implementations of a Swedish Manual Work Program: Sloyd and Entrepreneurial Power

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
Martin Lawn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Manual Work ◽  
Work Program ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Roll Out

Sloyd, a Swedish handwork programme for schools, beginning in the late years of the 19th century, was influential in Sweden but almost immediately it began to influence teachers and educators from other countries. This influence is explored in this paper. Using transnational historiography, the sites of influence, and the flow of people and texts, is explored. The focus here is on the circulations of ideas and practices between states, and in particular, between Sweden, the US, the UK and India, and the particular ways in which this flow and embedding of Sloyd occurred.The paper is about Sloyd and about the conditions underlying its influence in other countries, broadly from the 1890s to the 1930s, although its effects continued to roll out across the world after this period.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STANDARD AUDIT REPORT IN THE US: FORM, SCOPE, AND RENEWED ATTENTION TO FRAUD DETECTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh M Pandit ◽  
Charles Richard Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Audit Report ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Full Circle ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical development of the standard audit report (SAR) in the United States from its emergence in the 19th century to its current version and examine how the SAR came full circle to once again include attention to the risk of fraud. While prior research has addressed some of this history, this paper completes the picture to the present date. In the last 100+ years, the SAR has changed from a "certificate" to an "opinion". The scope of the audit has shifted from being an "examination" to the lesser responsibility of an "audit." The emphasis has shifted from absolute assurance to reasonable assurance. Over time, the relative responsibilities of management and auditors have been clarified in the report. Most importantly, the basis for opinion has now moved back to include an assessment of material misstatements caused by error and fraud.

Conclusion

Paper Trails ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Cameron Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Us ◽  
Postal Network ◽  
American Society ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
American Geography ◽  
Society Today

This concluding chapter offers an overview of the US Post and the wider federal government from the early 1900s to the present. Both the US Post and the American state became more centralized and bureaucratic during the 20th century, but elements of the agency model and the challenges of American geography have continued to shape governance through the present. Today, the federal government’s “indirect” workforce outnumbers its “direct” workforce of salaried employees, while the US Postal Service’s ongoing fiscal crisis has seen the re-emergence of elements of the 19th-century postal network and its localized, semi-privatized workforce. The book concludes with lessons that the 19th-century postal system holds for understanding the kind of structural power wielded by technology companies and other large-scale forces that shape American society today.

scholarly journals The United States-Rumanian Claims Settlement Agreement of March 30, 1960

1961 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Christenson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Settlement Agreement ◽  
Damage Claims ◽  
The 19Th Century

On March 30, 1960, the United States and Eumania settled by agreement certain claims of American nationals against Rumania. The agreement provides for the payment by Rumania of a lump sum in discharge of those claims.In recent years the device of the en bloc or lump-sum settlement of international claims has to some extent replaced the use of the mixed claims commission. Lump-sum settlements between nations are not unique to the 20th century, however, and as early as 1802, the United States paid Great Britain a lump sum of £600,000 ($2,664,000) to settle certain debt claims. In the 19th century also, the United States obtained lump-sum settlements from Prance, Spain, Great Britain, Denmark, Peru, Belgium, Mexico, Brazil and China. Early in the present century mixed claims commissions were used in deciding claims between the United States and Great Britain, war damage claims against Germany, Austria and Hungary, claims between the United States and Mexico, and claims between Panama and the United States. When the work of the United States-Mexican General Claims Commission remained uncompleted after two successive conventions which extended the existence of the Commission, and when practical difficulties beset the United States-Mexican Special Claims Commission, an en-bloc settlement of all claims was the only solution. That settlement signaled disillusionment with mixed claims commissions. Thereafter, the major international claims settlements involving the United States were on a lump-sum basis. The very next settlement was one concluded on October 25, 1934, with Turkey. It provided for the payment of a lump sum of $1,300,000 to settle certain outstanding claims of American citizens against Turkey.

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