The effect of power use on specific investments: the moderating role of interdependence structure

PurposePower use widely exists in buyer–supplier relationships (BSRs). Different directions of power use (i.e. buyer's power use and supplier's power use) intertwining with different types of power (i.e. coercive and noncoercive power) make it insufficient to regard power use as a single construct when examining its effect on a firm's following response. Besides, interdependence structure characterized by joint dependence and dependence asymmetry may influence the effect of a specific power use by shaping the firm's interpretation and cognition toward the relationship. Specifically, this study examines how four types of power use a buyer facing and an interdependence structure with its supplier affect its specific investments to the supplier.Design/methodology/approachThis study tests the proposed relationships using regression analysis, based on data from 240 manufacturing firms in China on their perceived relationships with their major suppliers.FindingsResults show that buyer's coercive power use (BCP) negatively affects buyer's specific investments while noncoercive power use (BNP) does not play a significant role. Both supplier's coercive power use (SCP) and noncoercive power use (SNP) are positively related to buyer's specific investments. Joint dependence positively moderates the effect of BNP and dependence asymmetry negatively moderates the effects of BCP and SNP on buyer's specific investments.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on power use by identifying different types of power use and their different roles in influencing buyer's specific investments. The study also contributes to the literature on interdependence structure by demonstrating the different roles of joint dependence and dependence asymmetry.

Power, shared goals and supplier flexibility: a study of the HUB-and-spoke supply chain

PurposeSupplier flexibility reflects a supplier's operations-related decisions in responsively providing the necessary inputs to the focal firm. Drawing on resource-dependency theory and transaction cost economics, this study develops a conceptual framework to explain the differential effects of a focal firm's power over supplier flexibility in the context of the hub-and-spoke supply chain (SC). This study also considers the goals shared between the focal firm and its suppliers as an important contingency factor within the framework.Design/methodology/approachThis study tests the proposed conceptual framework using dyadic survey data from a hub-and-spoke SC consisting of a large construction contractor and its 100 suppliers in Indonesia.FindingsThe findings show that coercive power has an inverted U-shaped effect on supplier flexibility, while legal-legitimate power has a U-shaped effect. Furthermore, shared goals positively moderate the U-shaped effect between legal-legitimate power and supplier flexibility.Originality/valueThis study differentiates between the impacts of coercive power and legal-legitimate power on supplier flexibility in the hub-and-spoke SC. It also demonstrates that shared goals play a moderating role in affecting the impacts of legal-legitimate power on supplier flexibility. These findings also have important implications with regard to integrating resource-dependency theory and transaction cost economics to explain these associations.

KONSEPSI DAN INTERNALISASI NILAI POWER AND AUTHORITY DALAM PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN

Artikel ini mengelaborasi konsepsi dan internalisasi nilai power and authority dalam konteks pendidikan di pesantren. Kekuasaan (power) adalah kesempatan amanah bagi individu atau sekelompok orang untuk menyadarkan individu atau kelompok lain untuk menerima kemauan yang mereka inginkan baik dengan cara memaksa ataupun legitimasi kesadaran dari individu lainnya. Authority atau otoritas yakni hak untuk melakukan sesuatu atau memerintahkan orang lain untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu dengan tujuan agar misi dari lembaga tercapai dengan baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Tipe atau sumber power and authority yang digunakan oleh kiai pondok pesantren Miftahul Ulum yakni, referent power, reward power, coercive power, legitimate power dan expert power. Ke lima tipe dan sumber kekuasaan dan otoritas tersebut menjadi penguat dalam peran manajerial seorang kiai dan bagi pengembangan pondok pesantren.

Making reform and stability compatible with each other: elite redeployment in Meiji Japan

Nineteenth-century Japan remains a void in the literature on institutions and growth. Developmental institutions evolved in Japan after the Meiji Restoration despite the absence of political participation. Authoritarian change agents usually face a trade-off between reform and stability: they have coercive power to remove underproductive institutions, but at the risk of inviting instability, as politically influential deprivileged elites may engage in counteraction to recover what they perceive as their entitlement. Many authoritarian regimes, thus, coopt elites by allowing them access to rent, but such buying-off inevitably compromises institutional improvement. How did Meiji Japan overcome this dilemma and liberate major fiscal and administrative spaces for productive players who generate wealth and increase the size of the economic pie for society? This article presents a model that it calls ‘elite redeployment’ to answer this puzzle. In lieu of elite bargains in participatory polities in Europe, the revolutionary authoritarian regime in Japan coercively deprivileged traditional elites and redeployed those with financial or human capital among them in productive institutions. By doing so, the Japanese authoritarian change agents dismantled the incumbent institutions in an irreversible manner and swiftly built new institutions such as modern administrative, educational, financial, and commercial sectors, while maintaining stability.

Confiscation

Alongside the new terminology of fiefs and vassals, the thirteenth century saw the arrival of a new idea: that the pope might be able to depose vassal-kings by virtue of his authority as the kings’ temporal lord. Such an idea lurked behind the arras during the disputes between Emperor Frederick II and Popes Gregory IX and Innocent IV, and was then formalized when the kingdom of Sicily was given to Charles of Anjou. This right of confiscation was, however, never exercised, indicating the unwillingness of the papacy to use the coercive power supposedly given to it through feudal relationships with secular rulers.

Building trust among channel members via power sources

Purpose Building on encapsulated interest account and motivated cognition account, this study aims to investigate how channel members extend trust in a channel leader when the channel leader applies various non-coercive power sources (e.g. referent, expert, legitimate and reward power). Besides, the study explored the changes in channel members’ trust in a channel leader when each non-coercive power source is coupled with coercive power sources. Design/methodology/approach Using survey items from previously validated scales, the study collected responses from 237 channel members of 3 paint distribution channels in India. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling and multi-group moderation analysis techniques. Findings Findings indicated that expert and reward power sources enhance trust in channel leaders while affective commitment mediates the effects of all the non-coercive power sources on trust. Further, coercive power weakens the effects of expert power on trust. Research limitations/implications The study is based on a cross-sectional survey and confines to the paint industry in India. Replicating this study in other countries and industries will better generalise the study’s findings. Practical implications The study recommends that channel managers use power sources to build trust in channel leaders. Consequently, they will be able to emphasise those specific power sources while developing channel management strategies. Originality/value The study contributes to a greater understanding of the power-trust relationship.

KONSEP DIYAT SEBAGAI SOLUSI KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA KORBAN PEMBUNUHAN DAYA PAKSA (OVERMACHT)

In discussing criminal liability, we will talk about the perpetrator of a criminal act, namely someone who has committed an act that is expressly prohibited and threatened with criminality by law, ideally that person should be convicted or punished. Likewise, the perpetrators of murder are threatened with imprisonment in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Code. However, the perpetrators of criminal acts are not always punished because the Criminal Code provides several reasons that can erase a person's guilt so that they are free from all punishments. One of them is coercive power which is regulated in Article 48 of the Criminal Code. However, the problem is that there is no formulation of coercion in the Criminal Code so that judges in deciding cases of murder due to coercion are only based on the judge's considerations and beliefs. Islamic law in comparing the existing arrangements in the Criminal Code is because Islam prioritizes protection and compensation charged to the perpetrator against the family of the murder victim, both intentional and unintentional murder. Meanwhile, the existing criminal policies in the Criminal Code have not met the principles of legal certainty and a sense of justice in society. The concept of Diyat is a welfare solution for the families of victims of murder by force, because this sanction provides benefits that can have an impact on the future. This is what is called maqshid sharia, where the law was created aiming to maintain 5 things, namely religion, reason, soul, lineage, and treasure. And the concept of diyat at least maintains 2 things, namely descent and treasure.

A Study on the Relationship Between Academic Ostracism and Organizational Power Sources in Higher Education

The aim of this study is to examine the predictive level of organizational power resources in higher education institutions in academicians’ perceptions of academic ostracism. In the study designed with a correlational design, data was obtained from 725 academicians using the “Workplace Ostracism Scale” (Ferris, Brown, Berry, & Lian, 2008) and the “Organizational Power Scale” (Altınkurt & Yılmaz, 2013). The obtained data were analysed by correlation and regression analysis. In the study, it was found that the academicians were exposed to legal force the most, and to the coercive force the least; It was found that they experienced a low level of academic ostracism. Again, multiple regression results showed that organizational power sources significantly predicted the academicians’ perceptions of ostracism. Among the power sources, “coercive power” explains 16% of the variance of academic ostracism perceptions. Based on the findings, it can be said that especially coercive power is the main source of academic ostracism.

The company is here to do goodness to us: Imaginaries of development, whiteness, and patronage in Sierra Leone's agribusiness investment deals

In this paper, we consider how references to ‘development’ are deployed to convince communities to lease their land to agribusiness investors in Sierra Leone. We argue that promises of development made by companies resonate with the aspirations for development that communities already have. The already existing ‘imaginaries’ of development, actual conditions of economic hardship and the material relations of power bound up in who does the ‘asking’ for land mean that communities need little convincing to give their land. Imaginaries of development are effective not only because of the promises of development themselves, but also because of how these imaginaries function through the role of coloniality – and ‘whiteness’ in particular. Analyses that focus only on the coercive power of elites in making land deals miss the degree to which companies’ promises of development fit into already existing imaginaries of a more prosperous future.

The criminal and administrative type of front running practice and damage to the securities market

The purpose of this article is to clarify non-equitable market practices and crimes against the securities market, especially the practice of front running, in addition to point cases in which individuals acted illegally and indicate the damages to the market that this practice has caused. It also explains the possible criminal and administrative sanctions applied to the practice of front running presently in Brazilian law and whether using HTFs is considered a way of front running. The conclusion is that the practice of front running affects the proper functioning of the securities market. It damages the liquidity of assets and the parity of information principle through the inappropriate use of inside information. In addition, there is an appeal for hardening custodial sentences on crimes against the securities market, as it has greater coercive power than regular fines.