The Latin Editions of Galen's Opera omnia (1490–1625) and Their Prefaces

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Fortuna
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
Western World ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Selection For

AbstractBetween 1490 to 1625, twenty-two editions of Galen's opera omnia were published in Latin, while only two in Greek. In the Western world Galen's literary production was mostly known through Latin translations, even in the sixteenth century, when Greek medicine was being rediscovered in its original language. The paper discusses the twenty-two Latin editions of Galen's writings and how they evolved. In these editions the number of works increased, especially from 1490 to 1533, while later, from 1576–1577 to 1586, forged commentaries on Hippocrates were added, when Galenic medicine was declining. Moreover, in 1490 Galen's works were printed in medieval translations from Arabic and Greek, while by 1541–1542 most of them had already received new humanist translations. The humanist translations, which started about 1480, depended on Greek manuscripts until 1525, when the Aldine provided the standard Greek text of Galen. Afterwards, the Greek manuscripts were used to correct the Latin, especially in the editions from 1541–1542 to 1565. Therefore the complete Latin editions included most of the philological work on Galen during the sixteenth century, as well as discussions on the authorship of some works, on the order in which they had to be read or printed, and on their selection for medical education.

The History of the Rechabites— an Initial Commentary

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-436
Author(s):  
Chris H. Knights
Keyword(s):  
Greek Text ◽  
Original Language ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis article is the third in a series of studies on The History of the Rechabites. The first, "The Story of Zosimus or The History of the Rechabites?,"1 established the independent identity of this text within the Christian monastic work, The Story of Zosimus, and was a sort of prolegomena to the study of this text. The second, "Towards a Critical-Introduction to The History of the Rechabites,"2 sought to address the standard introductory issues, such as date, original language, provenance and purpose. The present paper seeks to examine the text verse-by-verse, and to offer a commentary on it. Or, rather, an initial commentary. No commentary of any sort has ever been offered on the Greek text of HistRech before, and it would be foolhardy to claim that any one scholar could perceive all the allusions and meanings in a particular text at a first attempt. This commentary, then, is offered in the same spirit as my two previous studies on HistRech: as a step along the way towards unravelling the meaning of this pseudepigraphon about the Rechabites, not as the last word on the subject.

Paracelsus’ 16 th Century Philosophy Applied to Current Evolutionary Genetics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Kewin
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Genetic ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Selection For

Paracelsus contributed greatly to medical philosophy in the early sixteenth century, yet his reputation was so tainted by his hypocrisy that he left few followers and is often forgotten. Many aspects of his teachings, however, can be applied to current theories governing evolutionary genetic research. His claim, “Where diseases arise, one can also find the roots of health” hints at the intimate relationships between health and  disease that are the foundations of fascinating research. In many devastating medical cases, it has been  found that expression of one genetic disease can confer resistance for another. Sickle­cell anemia sufferers have an increased resistance to malaria, cystic fibrosis is associated with decreased susceptibility to  influenza, tuberculosis and cholera, and even the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV­1) is theorized to  have stemmed from a selection for resistance to the Bubonic Plague. These examples demonstrate the ambiguities in distinguishing between health and disease. While scientists today would likely scoff at Paracelsus’ dated medical rants, when they discover a disease favoured by natural selection, one of the first questions is how it could have conferred a benefit ancestrally. Applying Paracelsus’ theories to a discipline as contrary to evolutionary genetics demonstrates both the robustness of his claims, and the potential impact philosophy can have on medical, scientific and sociological questions surrounding challenging  epidemics

Hippocrates’ Oath

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Cavanaugh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ancient Greek

Chapter 2 (Hippocrates’ Oath) begins by extensively examining the grounds for attributing the Oath to Hippocrates, finding them reasonable. It then contextualizes, articulates, and explains the Oath, line by line. It presents the Oath within the ancient Greek custom of oath-taking, beginning with the first aspect of the Oath, the gods and goddesses by whom the juror swears. It then explains the contract incorporated within the Oath (which concerns the novel teaching of the medical art to unrelated males), presenting the motivations for and implications of Hippocrates’ extending medical education beyond the traditional boundary of physician-father educating son. Chapter 2 then proceeds to the oath-proper (which deals with a physician’s interactions with patients). In particular, closely following and explicating the Greek text, it shows that the prohibition of giving a deadly drug certainly concerns the giving of such a drug to the doctor’s patient (in contrast to alternative interpretations).

scholarly journals De Beneficentia: A Homily on Social Action attributed to Basil of Caesarea

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-481
Author(s):  
Susan R. Holman ◽  
Caroline Macé ◽  
Brian J. Matz
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Social Action ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
Manuscript Dating ◽  
Manuscript Text

Abstract This paper introduces an anonymous work attributed to Basil of Caesarea entitled, De beneficentia, or “On beneficence.” The text is known from one manuscript dating to the thirteenth or fourteenth century, Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phillipps 1467 (gr. 63), a collection of genuine and pseudonymous Basilian homilies. Although pseudonymous and extant (as far as we can determine) only in this sole manuscript, in some quoted fragments from the ninth and twelfth centuries, and in a sixteenth-century Latin translation, De beneficentia, shares a number of characteristics common to social homilies preached in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. This paper discusses the Berlin manuscript text in the context of the known fragments, other spurious, dubious, or pseudonymous homilies attributed to Basil, and its attributed relationship to social preaching in Christian late antiquity, and offers a new edition of the Greek text with its first English translation.

scholarly journals Examination of Relationships of Scores Obtained in Grades 10 and 12 with the Entry and Success in Undergraduate Medical Education

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Gautam ◽  
BH Paudel ◽  
CS Agrawal ◽  
SR Naraula ◽  
J Van Dalen
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Education ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Entrance Examination ◽  
Student Selection ◽  
Admission Test ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Private Management ◽  
Predictive Strength

Background Entrance examination (admission test) is the most important and widely accepted method of student selection for admission into medical schools in Nepal. For many schools it is the only criterion of student selection. Objectives To examine relationships of scores obtained in schooling (grade 10 and 12), medical entrance and MBBS professional examinations in a cohort to identify predictive strength for entry into medical school and success in medical education. Methods Exam scores from grade 10 to medical entrance and professional exams of undergraduate medical education of a total of 118 medical students who entered medical school between 1994 and 1998 only through the merit of open competitive medical entrance examination at the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) were assessed. Results Student selection for admission in MBBS course at BPKIHS and their subsequent success were not determined by difference in outcomes of public & private management of schools at grade 10 (selection p= 0.80 & success p= 0.32 ) and grade 12 (selection p= 0.59 & success p= 0.55). Grade 12 averaged scores had no relationship in getting these students selected for admission into medical course (r= 0.08, p= 0.37), but did show correlation with the overall success in medical education (r= 0.32, p= 0.00). Scores in physics at grade 12 retained predictive strength in success in medical education (r= 0.19, p= 0.04). Conclusion The present student selection criteria for medical education are not appropriate and need to incorporate other attributes of candidates along with cognitive aspects. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 66-71 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6918

Medical EducationHighlights of the Past Two Centuries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donald Boudreau ◽  
Eric J. Cassell ◽  
Abraham Fuks
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Hospital Medicine ◽  
Western World ◽  
Pedagogical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Medicine ◽  
French School ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
School Curricula

This chapter provides a historical overview of medical education in the Western world. It begins with a brief description of the “French school” that emerged out of the French Revolution. This model, with an emphasis on clinicopathologic correlation, has also been labeled “hospital medicine.” The discussion then moves to outline the contributions made by Abraham Flexner’s seminal 1910 report. Flexner is generally considered to be largely responsible for the traditional organizational framework of medical school curricula, one with two phases: preclinical and clinical. The perceived shortcomings of this pedagogical approach, sometimes called “university medicine” or the “2-plus-2” model are noted. The two major corrective strategies, systems-based or case-based teaching (originating in the 1950s) and problem-based learning (adapted to medical education in the 1970s), are then discussed.

Verses at the Court of the King: Shifts in the Historical Imagination of the Sanskrit Literary Tradition during the Second Millennium

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
DAUD ALI
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Historical Imagination ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
Literary Communities ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Literary Anthologies

Abstract This essay argues that the rise and circulation of large numbers of Sanskrit literary anthologies as well as story traditions about poets in the second millennium together index important changes in the ‘author-function’ within the Sanskrit literary tradition. While modern ‘empirical authorship’ and external referentiality in Sanskrit has long been deemed ‘elusive'by Western scholarship, the new forms of literary production in the second millennium suggest a distinct new interest in authorship among wider literary communities. This new ‘author-function’ indexed a shift in the perceptions of literary production and the literary tradition itself. Focusing on the famous sixteenth-century work known as the Bhojaprabandha as both an anthology as well as a storybook about poets, this essay further argues that the paradigmatic courts of kings like Vikramāditya and Bhoja (but particularly the latter), placed not in historical time but in an archaic temporality, became the mise en scène for the figure of the poet in the second-millennium literary imagination. They were courts where the finest poets of the tradition appeared and where their virtuosity could be savored and reflected upon by generations of readers.

Textual Collaboration and Spiritual Partnership in Sixteenth-Century Italy: The Case of Ortensio Lando and Lucrezia Gonzaga*

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith K. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Print Publication ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
Alternative Path ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Professional Writers ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe sixteenth-century writer Ortensio Lando (ca. 1512–ca. 1553) wrote many of his works pseudonymously and borrowed liberally from the works of others. Part of a community of professional writers who experimented with collaborative modes of literary production, Lando was also deeply invested in the currents of religious reform that swept through sixteenth-century Italy. In his extensive literary recourse to female personas, Lando privileged contemporary women who shared his own heterodox religious views. This essay examines Lando's female impersonations with particular attention to his use of Lucrezia Gonzaga da Gazzuolo (ca. 1521–76), whose complex literary relationship with Lando is illustrated by her presence throughout his literary corpus, and by his role in the book ofLetterepublished under her name. It argues that the relationship between these two figures can be best understood as a literary and spiritual partnership, one that meshed Lando's editorial expertise with Gonzaga's fame as a woman of extraordinary virtue and spiritual authority, a reputation that Lando himself helped to create. In an era when print publication by women was still far from common, such collaboration constituted an alternative path to literary expression.

scholarly journals The Spanish Pastoral Romances

PMLA ◽  
1892 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-119
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Social Condition ◽  
Western World ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Social ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Church

The introduction of the pastoral romance into Spain in the middle of the sixteenth century, and the extreme favor with which it was received, may, in view of the social condition of the country, seem at first sight paradoxical. At the time of the accession of Philip II, Spain was at the zenith of her military greatness: her possessions were scattered from the North Sea to the islands of the Pacific; and her conquests had been extended over both parts of the western world. The constant wars against the Moors, during a period of over seven hundred years, and the stirring ballads founded upon them, had fostered an adventurous and chivalric spirit,—a distinguishing trait of the Spanish character. Arms and the church were the only careers that offered any opportunity for distinction, and every Spanish gentleman was, first of all, a soldier.

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