Brasil: Um País Desigual / Brazil: An Unequal Country

Segundo o Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA) e Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD), a desigualdade no Brasil está intimamente relacionada com a pobreza, mormente em razão da considerável diferença na distribuição de renda no país. Nesse sentido, mesmo que o Brasil detenha grande crescimento econômico, isso não irá melhorar a condição social do país, sem um enfrentamento mais efetivo que leve em conta uma distribuição mais justa de renda. Esta realidade, que foi, histórica e culturalmente constituída, precisa com urgência elaborar políticas públicas estruturantes, capazes de atuar de forma articulada, ampliando o acesso dos cidadãos aos direitos legalmente postos, que possam proporcionar uma mais adequada qualidade de vida.---According to the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), inequality in Brazil is closely related to poverty, mainly because of the importance of the difference in income distribution in the country. In this sense, even if Brazil has great economic growth, this will not improve the social condition of the country, without a more effective confrontation that takes into account a fairer distribution of income. This reality, which has been historically and culturally fulfilled, urgently needs to develop structuring public policies, capable of acting in an articulated manner, expanding citizens' access to legally established rights, which can provide a more adequate quality of life.

Minority Stress in the Context of the Disablement Process Model

The changing demographics and growing diversity in the United States pose significant challenges for researchers, particularly scholarship involving sexual minority adults’ health and aging processes. Not much is known about how all minority stressors could lead to a disability. Sexual minority adults are at a greater risk of developing a disability later in life than their heterosexual counterparts (Fredriksen-Goldsen, Kim, & Barkan, 2012). Drawing from critical components of the disablement process model (Verbrugge & Jette, 1994), this dissertation sought to understand the relationship between minority stress and disability status among sexual minority adults 50 years and older. Minority stress in the context of the disablement process model is a social condition. While exploring the relationship between minority stress and disability status, intra-individual factors and extra-individual factors were assessed to see if they mediated the relationship between minority stress and disability status among sexual minorities 50 years and older. Discrimination is significantly associated with having a disability. None of the intra-individual factors and extra-individual factors mediated the relationship between minority stress and disability; however, several intra- and extra-individual were associated with greater or lesser odds of experiencing a disability. This dissertation concluded that discrimination is associated with disability status among sexual minority adults 50 years and older. On the other hand, the disablement process model does not support minority stress as a social condition leading to a disability. On the other hand, this dissertation's results support the ideology that experiencing discrimination is associated with a disability.

Intercultural Competence - Way to Solve the Problems of Today's World

This article highlights the need to form intercultural competence, which is closely in line with the dynamics of globalization and migration - so much publicized in recent years. Intercultural education is the study discipline included in the Romanian National Curriculum starting with 2017, which is taught in the sixth grade, this being the alternative to open communication, understanding, tolerance, interaction, solidarity and intercultural dialogue between people - regardless of ethnicity, race, religion, social condition, etc. Based on theoretical and praxiological analysis regarding the formation of the intercultural competence to the students from the gymnasium classes, three stages imposed in the finalization of the pedagogical experiment are completed: finding, training and verification. The added value of the scientific research paper is supported by teacher training activities based on the theme presented, through the elaboration and application of the Initiation Guide in Education and Intercultural Competence. Increased attention was paid to the theoretical-applied foundations that formed the basis for the elaboration and application of the Pedagogical Model for the formation of intercultural competence to the students from the gymnasium classes.

Loneliness Among Migrants in Italy: Risks and Protectors

In this study we focused on migrants’ loneliness, in order to unpack risks for, and protective factors against, loneliness among migrants in Italy. Our data come from the ‘Social Condition and Integration among Foreign Citizens’ survey conducted by ISTAT during 2011–2012 on a sample of 25,000 individuals living in a household with at least one foreign-born member. Our results show that economic resources and employment protect from loneliness feelings, whereas education does not. Family and social embeddedness and satisfaction with life are protective factors, whereas discrimination, language barriers, deprived neighbourhoods and poor health are associated with a higher risk of loneliness. Gender is a key lens to consider when analysing loneliness especially in relation to fragile populations like those with a migratory background.

Are conspecific social videos rewarding to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)? A test of the social motivation theory

Many claim that social stimuli are rewarding to primates, but few, if any, studies have explicitly demonstrated their reward value. Here, we examined whether chimpanzees would produce overt responses for the opportunity to view conspecific social, compared to dynamic (video: Experiment 1) and static (picture: Experiment 2) control content. We also explored the relationships between variation in social reward and social behavior and cognition. We provided captive chimpanzees with access to a touchscreen during four, one-hour sessions (two ‘conspecific social’ and two ‘control’). The sessions consisted of ten, 15-second videos (or pictures in Experiment 2) of either chimpanzees engaging in a variety of behaviors (social condition) or vehicles, humans, or other animals engaged in some activity (control condition). For each chimpanzee, we recorded the number of responses to the touchscreen and the frequency of watching the stimuli. Independent t-tests revealed no sex or rearing differences in touching and watching the social or control videos (p>0.05). Repeated measures ANOVAs showed chimpanzees touched and watched the screen significantly more often during the social compared to control video sessions. Furthermore, although chimpanzees did not touch the screen more often during social than control picture sessions in Experiment 2, they did watch the screen more often. Additionally, chimpanzees that previously performed better on a task of social cognition and engaged in more affiliative behavior watched a higher percentage of social videos during the touchscreen task. These results are consistent with the social motivation theory, and indicate social stimuli are intrinsically rewarding, as chimpanzees made more overt responses for the opportunity to view conspecific social, compared to control, content.

Disquisición sobre el piloto en la Edad Moderna. Cielo y mar.

En este artículo nos adentramos en la figura del piloto en la Edad Moderna, etapa en donde transcurrió el paso del arte de navegar a la navegación astronómica científica. En donde el piloto fue una figura clave en la gran transformación que sufrió la navegación marítima en ese periodo tan importante de la historia de la ciencia, pasando en su profesión del conocimiento intuitivo, al empírico y finalmente al especulativo. Para ello, se abordan el estamento de procedencia, las competencias técnicas que debía reunir en el ejercicio de la profesión, así como su consideración técnica. Finalmente presentamos como el estamento social al que pertenecía, condicionó su desarrollo social, profesional y técnico. In this article, we examine the figure of the Piloto in the Modern Age, the period in which took place the swap from sailing as a flair to the scientific and astronomical navigation. At such a very important time in the history of science, The Piloto had an essential role in the great transformation suffered by maritime navigation. Navigational knowledge, formerly based on the intuition, moved first to the empiric knowledge and finally to the speculative, what implied a step forward in his career. To this end, in the abstract, it is tackled his initial social status, the technical capabilities he should hold to develop his job, as well as his technical consideration. Eventually, we show how the social condition which he belonged to, determined his social, professional and technical development.

STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) SAMPAH DI KOTA PEKANBARU Strategy for Management of Waste Disposal Sites (TPA) in Mandau District.

The existence of landfill as final waste management was used by some people to live near a landfill and acquire a livelihood. This kind of situation could influence health and social condition, also environment as the impact from landfill. The aim of this research to analyze the condition of existing landfill in Mandau Sub-district, the negative and positive impact and the modeling of landfill based on community. The research was quantitative and qualitative used survey method with interview, questionnaires and observational directly. The sampling technique was purposive sampling and the participants of this study were consist of 30 scavengers and 20 families who lived are limited to 300 meter from landfill and they were interviewed accidentally by researcher. This research also involved the governments in supporting data collection. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of descriptions. The result obtained the current landfills condition were not feasible if it still used the open dumping method with a service period of up to 9 years 2 months. The negative impact caused by landfill activity also affected to scavengers ' health. The positive impact was the emergence of a job which could produce income for family economic. Landfill modelling which could be applied was 3R + 1P concept according to Ministerial Regulation (Trash Bank and Integrated Waste Management), this concept was socialized to community..

Reproduksi Sehat, Remaja Sehat di Posyandu Remaja Pashmina

Adolescents are people aged 12 to 24 years. Adolescence is a transition from childhood to adulthood. This means that the process of introduction and knowledge of reproductive health has actually started at this time. In simple terms, reproduction comes from the word "re" which means to return and "production" which means to make or produce. Reproductive health, as part of general health, is thus also a human right of every person, both men and women. Women's human rights are regulated in Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights Article 3 paragraph (3) which states that everyone has the right to the protection of human rights and human freedoms without discrimination. Reproductive health according to Law Number 36 Year 2009 is a complete physical, mental and social condition, not merely free from disease or disability related to the reproductive system, function and process in men and women. The purpose of this community service is to provide reproductive health education about healthy reproduction, healthy adolescents, especially about anemia in adolescents, reproductive health and free sex in adolescents. Methods of reproductive health counseling carried out are (1) Socialization and licensing, (2) Conducting reproductive health counseling, (3) Evaluation of the results of reproductive health counseling activities by means of pre and post tests. The results of the reproductive health counseling activity showed high enthusiasm, indicated by the very good response of participants in receiving material on healthy reproduction, healthy adolescents and the willingness of participants to ask questions. The enthusiasm of the participants is expected to increase the understanding of girls and boys about the importance of healthy reproduction, healthy adolescents.

Distribution, Nutritive Value and Mineral Composition of a Few Medicinal plants of Shimoga District, Karnataka India

An attempt has been made to determine proximate, nutritive value, elemental composition and heavy metal contents of different flowers and fruits samples. The flowers and fruits samples were analyzed with the help of standard procedure. Among the macro elements nitrogen, potassium, calcium was dominant and phosphorus, magnesium was lowest in the respective fruit samples. The micronutrients study reveals that iron was the dominant element and manganese and copper was the lowest elements. Of the six proximates, moisture and carbohydrates was dominant and protein and fiber was the lowest in the different fruit samples. The highest value of nutritive value was recorded in the fruit sample of S. anacardium and lowest value of nutritive value was recorded in the fruit samples of B. frondosa. The average values of proximate, nutritive values were compared with recommended dietary allowances (RDA) values and discussed. Further, fruits and flowers help to development of ayurvedic formulation and to established cottage industries to improve economic and social condition of local people are appended.

The Urinary Hormonal State of Cats Associated With Social Interaction With Humans

Research to assess the relationship between cats and humans is in a nascent stage. Some studies have assessed the stress status in cats using physiological indicators, such as the cortisol hormone, but have not focused on the social interaction with humans. Moreover, the role of oxytocin secretion in the relationship between cats and humans remains unclear. In this study, we determined the possibility of quantifying the urinary concentration of oxytocin in cats and assessed the effects of social contact with humans on the levels of urinary oxytocin and cortisol metabolite. Four cats were subjected to two conditions, namely, social (control), and non-social (no social contact with humans) conditions. The levels of cortisol and oxytocin metabolite in urine samples from the cats in both conditions were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The urinary concentrations of cortisol and oxytocin under the non-social condition were significantly higher than those under the social condition. In addition, the concentration of oxytocin significantly correlated with that of cortisol in cats under the non-social condition. In this study, it was possible to quantify the concentration of oxytocin in the urine of cats, and the obtained results suggest that cats recognize the social interaction with humans as important. This information might contribute to the establishment of an assessment method for the welfare of cats and might help in clarifying the relationship between cats and humans.