LA CLASSIFICAZIONE DEGLI STRUMENTI SCIENTIFICI

Nuncius ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
SALVO D'AGOSTINO
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Information Theory ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Some guiding ideas in the classification of historical scientific instruments are presented, with the aim of specifying usefull selectioncriteria for the exhibition in a scientific museum and historiography for the historian of physics. Classification criteria should be founded on the examination of structural features which belong to the instrument per se and to the modes in which it has been used in meaningful experiments. Examples are given in the history of some nineteenth century Electrometers. Some tools for a meaningful historiography of instruments are indicated in Information Theory.

When a Daring Chemistry Meets a Boring Chemistry: The Reception of Mendeleev’s Periodic System in Sweden

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
System P ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se

The reception of Mendeleev’s periodic system in Sweden was not a dramatic episode. The system was accepted almost without discussion, but at the same time with no exclamation marks or any other outbursts of enthusiasm. There are but a few weak short-lived critical remarks. That was all. I will argue that the acceptance of the system had no overwhelming effect on chemical practice in Sweden. At most, it strengthened its characteristics. It is actually possible to argue that chemistry in Sweden was more essential for the periodic system than the other way around. My results might therefore suggest that we perhaps have to reevaluate the role of Mendeleev’s system in the history of chemistry. Chemistry in Sweden at the end of the nineteenth century can be characterized as a classifying science, with chemists very skilled in analysis, and as mainly an atheoretical science, which treated theories at most only as hypothesis—the slogan of many chemists being “facts persist, theories vanish.” Thanks to these characteristics, by the end of the nineteenth century, chemistry in Sweden had developed into, it must be said, a rather boring chemistry. This is obviously not to say that it is boring to study such a chemistry. Rather, it gives us an example of how everyday science, a part of science too often neglected but a part that constitutes the bulk of all science done, is carried out. One purpose of this study is to see how a theory, considered to be important in the history of chemistry, influenced everyday science. One might ask what happened when a daring chemistry met a boring chemistry. What happened when a theory, which had been created by a chemist who has been described as “not a laboratory chemist,” met an atheoretical experimental science of hard laboratory work and, as was said, the establishment of facts? Furthermore, could we learn something about the role of the periodic system per se from the study of such a meeting? Mendeleev’s system has often been considered important for teaching, and his attempts to write a textbook are often taken as the initial step in the chain of thoughts that led to the periodic system.

scholarly journals Współistnienie języków na ziemiach byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w świetle prac Jana Karłowicza

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Koniusz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Bilingualism And Multilingualism ◽  
Grand Duchy

Co-existence of languages in the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the light of the works of Jan KarłowiczThe article discusses the issues of the co-existence of languages in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the consequences of the phenomenon as documented in the works of Jan Karłowicz – the outstanding scholar of the second half of the nineteenth century, an expert and researcher of the “Lithuanian” version of Polish language. The article emphasizes the fact that the research on languages in the area of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and results of their co-existence goes back to the second half of the nineteenth century and Jan Karłowicz was the pioneer of this research. He was the first to observe the following phenomena of their co-existence: interference; bilingualism and multilingualism; prioritization of co-existing languages with the unique role of the Polish language in focusing various functions in the history of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the diversity of Polish with sociolinguistic classification of its provincia­lisms and their division in the view of their origin; and the dangers to the Polish language in the period of Russification. Karłowicz struggled with the lack of terminology to describe the linguistic phenomena characteristic for the area. The article focuses on the classification of provincial qualities of the “Lithuanian” Polish language executed by Karłowicz in the social and ethnolinguistic area; and on the presentation of the phenomenon of linguistic interference visible in the provincial vocabulary in The Grand Duchy of Lithuania collected in “Dictionary of Polish dialects” by Karłowicz. Сосуществование языков на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского в свете произведений Яна КарловичаЦель данной статьи – показать сосуществование языков на землях бывшего Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ) и последствий этого явления, засвидетельствованных в работах Яна Карловича, видного ученого второй половины девятнадцатого века, знатока и исследователя „литовского” польского языка. Автор статьи указывает на то, что изучение языков в Великом княжестве Литовском, последствиям их сосуществования относятся ко второй половине девятнадцатого века, а их первым исследователем был Карлович. Им впервые были отмечены такие проявления этого сосуществования, как языковая интерференция, билингвизм и многоязычие, иерархия сосуществующих языков и диалектов. Выделена особая роль польского языка, объединившего целый ряд функций в истории ВКЛ, дифференциация внутри польского языка, социолингвистическая классификация его диалектизмов и их деление по происхождению, угрозы для польского языка в период сильной русификации. Особое внимание автор статьи сосредоточил на классификации провинциальных особенностей „литовского” польского языка, осуществлённой Карловичем в социальном и этнолингвистическом плане, а также на проявлениях интерференции в провинциальной лексике, ведущей своё происхождение из Великого княжества Литовского, собранной в „Словаре польских диалектов” Карловича.

scholarly journals On Eminescu’s philosophy of history: towards an English anthology of relevant texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-258
Author(s):  
Catalin Pavel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
Per Se ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Historical Thought

The present paper aims to offer Anglophone researchers a selection of translated quotes from Mihai Eminescu’s non-literary oeuvre, relevant to the philosophy of history of the most complex Romanian author of the nineteenth century. It should thus become possible to reconsider Eminescu’s position within the concert of European philosophers of history. The fragments gathered here stem mainly from his activity as a cultural and political journalist, throughout which he voiced, albeit unsystematically, his views on history. Although he did not ultimately articulate an academic philosophy of history per se, these fragments, now available in English for the first time, may give valuable insights into Eminescu’s conception of history. Above all else, they meaningfully complement whatever can be gleaned from Eminescu’s already translated poetry or literary prose. Hopefully the fragments presented here will aid scholars in establishing more precisely what Eminescu’s views on history owe to Schopenhauer’s metaphysics and what to the proper philosophy of history he could find in Hegel. This is a double allegiance scholars have also recognized in Maiorescu’s work. By the same token, it would further be important to chart Eminescu’s ambivalence towards Hegel, an ambivalence also visible in the works of Romanian philosopher Vasile Conta. Finally, the fragments below may help to bring to the fore the complex interplay between Hegelian theodicy and Kantian teleology in Eminescu’s historical thought.

Anti-colonialism

2020 ◽  
pp. 334-342
Author(s):  
David Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Per Se

This essay traces the long but neglected history of French anti-colonialism (focusing on opposition to France’s nineteenth-century empire). In many instances, it is not colonialism per se that has been opposed by French anti-colonialists but rather its violent excesses; that is, anti-colonialism has emerged as an indignant response to what is seen as the Republic’s failure to live up to its ideals, with Republican Universalism invoked as a principle to be upheld rather than critiqued. A more radical and sustained critique of empire, mainly but not solely the work of French colonial subjects (or their descendants) has denounced imperialism as inherently violent and incapable of being reformed, and it has castigated Republican Universalism as an ethnocentrism that dare not speak its name. This contribution will trace both lineages of French/Francophone anti-colonialism.

Popular Science, Textbooks, and Scientists: The Periodic Law in Italy

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ciardi ◽  
Marco Taddia
Keyword(s):  
Popular Science ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Science Textbooks ◽  
Italian Translation ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Medicine And The Arts

This essay deals with an issue that has never before been the focus of attention in the field of research on the history of chemistry in Italy: the diffusion of Mendeleev’s periodic system in our nation. In the following text we will analyze the situation in the period preceding the arrival of Mendeleev’s theory in Italy with regard to the matter of classifying elements. By doing so, it will be possible to demonstrate that—despite the superficiality and lack of accuracy of certain studies—Italian chemistry was already very willing to consider new proposals relating to the classification of elements. We will then attempt to illustrate how Mendeleev’s work not only attracted the attention of the most renowned Italian chemists, such as Augusto Piccini and Giacomo Ciamician, but also became widely used in university texts and secondary school textbooks. In order to understand the classification criteria for elements adopted by Italian chemists before Mendeleev and therefore the cultural terrain the law of periodicity was to take root in, it would be better to refer to a number of texts used widely for teaching in universities. We will examine four of these, published between 1819 and 1867. In all these texts, the term “simple bodies” appears, with the expression “simple substances” used less frequently, while Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743–94), in his 1789 Traité élémentaire de chimie (Traité thereafter), uses the same term “simple substances” or “simple substances … which may be considered as the elements of bodies.” It is interesting to note that Vincenzo Dandolo’s Italian translation (first edition 1792) uses the expression “sostanze semplici,” interpreting quite literally the Frenchman’s choice of term. Thirty years after publication of the Traité, Antonio Santagata (1774–1858), professor of general chemistry at the Pontificia Università di Bologna, published his Lezioni di chimica elementare [Lessons in elementary chemistry], derived from Lezioni di chimica elementare: applicata alla medicina e alle arti [Lessons in Elementary Chemistry: Applied to Medicine and the Arts] (Bologna, 1804), written by his predecessor in the university chair, Pellegrino Salvigni (1777–1841).

scholarly journals When natives became Africans: A historical sociolinguistic study of semantic change in colonial discourse

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Susan Fitzmaurice
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial

AbstractThe word native is a key term in nineteenth-century British colonial administrative vocabulary. The question is how it comes to be central to the classification of indigenous subjects in Britain’s southern African possessions in the early twentieth century, and how the word is appropriated by colonial citizens to designate the race of indigenous subjects. To answer the question, I construct a semasiological history of native as a word that has to do with the identification of a person with a place by birth, by residence or by citizenship. I track the manner in which speakers invest old words with new meanings in specific settings and differentiate among them in different domains. In the case of native, a signal keyword is recruited to do particular work in several contemporaneous discourses which take different ideological directions as the nature of the involvement of their speakers changes. The result is a particularly complicated word history, and one which offers a clue to the ways in which colonial rhetoric is domesticated in specific settings at the very same time as the colonising power eschews it in the process of divesting itself of its colonies.

scholarly journals Instruments and relics

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-485
Author(s):  
Rebekah Higgitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Royal Society Of London

Abstract Despite the age and prestige of the Royal Society of London, the history of its collections of scientific instruments and apparatus has largely been one of accidental accumulation and neglect. This article tracks their movements and the processes by which objects came to be recognized as possessing value beyond reuse or sale. From at least the mid-nineteenth century, the few surviving objects with links to the society’s early history and its most illustrious Fellows came to be termed ‘relics’, were treated with suitable reverence, put on display and made part of the society’s public self-presentation. If the more quotidian objects survived into the later 1800s, when their potential as objects for collection, research, display, reproduction and loan began to be appreciated, they are likely to have survived to the present day.

scholarly journals Children migraine syndrome: Definition and classification through the time

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Knezevic-Pogancev
Keyword(s):  
Current Problem ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Migraine Headaches ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Current

Introduction Even today, the migraine syndrome is not completely defined knowing that it does not have either clear laboratory correlate or objectively defining marker. There is a great number of differential diagnostic references to define and classify migraine headaches; from Galen to ICHD-II (International Classification of Headache Disorders), from September 2003. Migraine syndrome represents a current problem of both pediatrics and children *s neurology. The aim of this paper is to understand and define the migraine syndrome among children through the history of medical science, in order to enable the interpretation of the most acceptable defining and classification criteria of the children migraine syndrome. Definition and classification Sensory, vegetative and affective phenomena of migraine, recognizable only among people, with striking quantitative and qualitative variations depending on the patient, define the migraine syndrome of children in general. There are no completely reliable principles or guidelines which would enable the accurate, precise and quick diagnosis, or differential diagnosis of children's migraine syndrome. Vahlquist is the first one to give special criteria to diagnose children's headache. His criteria were invalid because of insisting on headaches being unilateral. Classification criteria for migraine in children were given by Bille in 1962, Prensky in 1976, Deubner in 1977, Congdon and Forsythe in 1979, Tomasi in 1980, Sillanappa in 1982, Kurt: and Barlow in 1984, Hockaday in 1988. 1HS classification was brought by consensus in 1988, and it was last modified in September 2003, when a consensus was reached about applying the ICHD-II International Classification of Headache Disorders. Conclusion Being insufficiently defined and incompletely etiologically, clinically and therapeutically clear, children's migraine syndrome represents a striking example of interdisciplinary, scientific, health, practical and clinical entity. The degree of interest in children's migraine syndrome is directly dependent on the level of social and health standards within the society.

UNA COLLEZIONE DI STRUMENTARIA SCIENTIFICA ALL'AVVENTO DELL'OSPEDALE MODERNO: GLI STRUMENTI FISICO-MATEMATICI DI VINCENZO VIVIANI E L'OSPEDALE DI SANTA MARIA NUOVA DI FIRENZE (1871-1895) *

Nuncius ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
ESTHER DIANA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Collections ◽  
Santa Maria

Abstracttitle ABSTRACT /title A Collection of ScientificInstrumentsat theDawnof theModern Hospital: Vincenzo Viviani'sPhysical-Mathematical Instrumentsand SantaMariaHospital in Florence(1871-1895) - Around the second half of the nineteenth century, the collection of physics-mathematical instruments that Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) had bequeathed to the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital of Florence stirred new interest. The process of modernising the hospital was indeed to lead to the progressive alienation of the institution's rich historical patrimony, including the scientific collections. In tracing back the negotiations that led to the sale of the Viviani collection, archive documents have also brought to light the collection inventory, which is now proposed anew to help recount the history of how scientific instruments became museum collectibles in Florence.

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