scholarly journals The monophyly and relative rank of alticine and galerucine leaf beetles: A cladistic analysis using adult morphological characters (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Lingafelter ◽  
A.S. Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Successive Approximations ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Taxonomic Rank ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Relative Rank ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Heuristic Analysis

AbstractThe first cladistic analysis to determine the monophyletic status of alticine and galerucine leaf beetles and their relationship to one another is provided. A classification based on their hypothesized relationships is proposed. Fifty morphological characters of adults were analyzed from twenty-nine taxa representing six traditionally recognized subfamilies (Orsodacninae, Aulacoscelidinae, Eumolpinae [including Synetini], Chrysomelinae, Galerucinae, and Alticinae), with an emphasis on thorough exemplar representation from galerucines and alticines. Cladistic analyses of these characters using the heuristic analysis of PAUP resulted in 444 equally most parsimonious cladograms, a consensus of which was mostly unresolved. Successive approximations weighting of these trees produced a nearly fully resolved hypothesis of relationships among the taxa. This hypothesis indicates the monophyly of chrysomelines + eumolpines + orsodacnines and monophyly of galerucines + alticines. Importantly, the alticines are a highly derived, strongly supported monophyletic group, nested within galerucines. Therefore, alticines must have a lower relative taxonomic rank (such as tribe) to Galerucinae in order to reflect this phylogenetic hypothesis.

Phylogeny of Philornis Meinert species (Diptera: Muscidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1530 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
MÁRCIA SOUTO COURI ◽  
CLAUDIO JOSÉ BARROS DE CARVALHO ◽  
PETER LÖWENBERG-NETO
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Lower Half ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Old World ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Median Width

This study presents a cladistic analysis of the Neotropical Philornis species based on morphological characters of adults and larvae, as well as biological data on larvae. Forty-one species of Philornis were used in the analysis, which was based on a total of 64 characters and included six outgroup taxa, half of which belong to Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve, an Old World genus that shows the same variety of associations with birds as Philornis. Four most parsimonious cladograms (242 steps in length; ci=30; ri=69) were produced. According to the analysis, the genus Philornis is supported by the following synapomorphies (adults): only the pre-scutellar pair of acrostichal postsutural setae developed and setulae on anepimeron present. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis (strict consensus) shows a basal polytomy that includes the species that traditionally correspond to the “aitkeni-group”. This group is mainly defined by male characters, which are known for only about half of these species. The next clade is divided into two others, the first one supported by the homoplasies: cheek hairs yellow; setulae on anepimeron black on upper half and yellow on lower half and proepimeral hairs yellow. This group traditionally corresponds to the “falsificus-group” and more data on the biology of the species will certainly clarify and/or confirm their relationships. Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken is the sister group of all the remaining Philornis species. This third clade corresponds to the “angustifrons-group”, defined in this analysis by the following synapomorphies: concave shape of posterior end of puparium and the median width of female frons. These “traditional” groups, the relationships among the species and their evolutionary trends are discussed.

A phylogeny of the family Fanniidae Schnabl (Insecta:Diptera:Calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Domínguez ◽  
S. A. Roig-Juñent
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Groups

The present study proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Fanniidae based on a cladistic analysis using characters from adult external morphology and female and male terminalia. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the phylogenetic position of newly described or poorly known species, mostly from southern South America, the Neotropics, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In total, 151 characters from adult male and female external morphology and terminalia were scored for 78 species of Fanniidae. Ten continuous characters were included and analysed as such. Three genera of Fanniidae and all the species-groups and subgroups proposed for the genus Fannia, except for the admirabilis-group and the setifer-subgroup were included as terminal taxa. An heuristic parsimony analysis under implied weights was performed. The analysis recovered the monophyly of the Fanniidae and the genus Fannia, as well as the monophyly of several species-groups within Fannia. Male and female external morphological characters were, in general, highly homoplasious, whereas characters from male terminalia showed low level of homoplasy and provided resolution at suprageneric nodes and species-groups.

Morphological cladistic analysis of Ophiurolepis Matsumoto, 1915 (Ophiurida: Ophiuridae) from the Southern Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1401 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA L. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
The Antarctic

A phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters was done on the Antarctic ophiuroid genus Ophiurolepis Matsumoto, 1915. This genus is one of the more abundant and ecologically dominant ophiuroid genera in the Antarctic and surrounding Southern Ocean. Maximum parsimony was used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Although strongly supported nodes were not recovered for most groupings within Ophiurolepis, this first attempt at a phylogeny revealed the presence of three tentative clades. Two of the three Ophiurolepis clades included species currently assigned to other genera, but closely allied with Ophiurolepis in the taxonomic literature. This indicates that Ophiurolepis as currently defined is not a monophyletic group. Additional forms of data, namely molecular, are needed to more definitively resolve relationships within this group.

Phylogenetic analysis of Arsenura Duncan (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae) based on adult morphology

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3116 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
AMABÍLIO J. A. DE CAMARGO ◽  
OLAF H. H. MIELKE ◽  
MIRNA M. CASAGRANDE
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Plant Families

Arsenurinae includes 10 Neotropical genera with 74 species. Arsenura Duncan, 1841 is represented by 30 species and 13 subspecies, making it the largest genus of the subfamily. The species of this group occur both in the Andean high altitude and at sea level, but present higher biodiversity at lower altitudes. Most of the immature remain unknown; however, it is known that some larvae feed on several plant families. There are no prior studies on the phylogenetic relationship between the species of the genus. The goal of this study was to establish the relationships between Arsenura species using cladistic analysis, based on adult morphological characters. Arsenura was recovered as a monophyletic group, with the following relationships between species: ((A. meander, A. pandora)((A. polyodonta(A. orbignyana, A. xanthopus))(A. rebeli((A. mossi(A. beebei, A. ciocolatina))(A. archianassa(A. armida(A. albopicta, A. delormei)))))((A. aspasia, A. biundulata)((A. sylla,A.thomsoni)(A. cymonia(A. ponderosa(A. batesii, A. drucei))))))).

Cladistic analysis of Thoreyella and related genera (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Procleticini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2310 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE L. C. BERNARDES ◽  
CRISTIANO F. SCHWERTNER ◽  
JOCÉLIA GRAZIA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
As Species ◽  
Two New Species

In this paper, the monophyly of the genus Thoreyella Spinola was tested, and a hypothesis of relationships among its species is proposed. Four known species of Thoreyella and two new species, as well as species of three other genera of Procleticini (Neoderoploa Pennington, Lobepomis Berg, and Procleticus Berg), were treated as the ingroup. The new species of Thoreyella will be published elsewhere. Two species of Dendrocoris were used for outgroup comparison. A cladistic analysis of 38 morphological characters supported a hypothesis of common ancestry for Thoreyella and the three genera of Procleticini included in the ingroup. The results also showed Thoreyella as a monophyletic taxon, and its sister group relationship with the monophyletic group including Neoderoploa, Lobepomis, and Procleticus. The geographical distribution of these taxa is discussed.

On the status of the tribes Orthognathini and Rhinostomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2216 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUAN J. MORRONE ◽  
PERLA I. CUEVAS
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
The Status ◽  
Basal Position

A cladistic analysis is performed of the four genera of the tribe Orthognathini of the curculionid subfamily Dryophthorinae, specifically to assess whether the tribe constitutes a monophyletic group or whether the genus Rhinostomus falls outside it into a separate tribe, as advocated in some classification systems. The analysis based on 27 morphological characters revealed that Orthognathini is indeed a monophyletic group, with the phylogenetic sequence Rhinostomus (= Yuccaborus), Sipalinus, Mesocordylus and Orthognathus. The basal position of Rhinostomus with respect to the other genera may warrant recognition of a separate subtribe, Rhinostomina, for it. Taxonomic synopses of the tribe and subtribes and a key to the genera are provided.

The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. II. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord.nov.

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Li ◽  
I. Brent Heath ◽  
Laurence Packer
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Rrna Sequence ◽  
Cladistic Analyses

We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the Chytridiomycota and the chytridiomycetous gut fungi with a cladistic analysis of 42 morphological, ultrastructural, and mitotic characters for 38 taxa using both maximum parsimony and distance algorithms. Our analyses show that there are three major clades within the Chytridiomycota: the gut fungi, the Blastocladiales, and the Spizellomycetales–Chytridiales–Monoblepharidales. Consequently, we elevated the gut fungi to the order Neocallimasticales ord.nov. Our results suggest that a modified Chytridiales, including the Monoblepharidales, is a monophyletic group. In contrast the Spizellomycetales are paraphyletic because the Chytridiales arose within them. The separation of the traditional Chytridiales into two orders is thus doubtful. Although the Blastocladiales are closer to members of the Spizellomycetales than the Chytridiales, the cladistic analyses of both structural and rRNA sequence data do not support the idea that the Blastocladiales were derived from the Spizellomycetales. We suggest emendations to the classification of the Chytridiomycota and note which groupings require further analysis. Our phylogeny for the currently recognized species of gut fungi is inconsistent with the existing classification. Nonetheless, pending further investigations, we prefer to retain the existing, easily defined genera for which a key is provided. Key words: Chytridiomycota, rumen fungi, phylogeny, morphology, ultrastructure, mitosis.

Cladistic assignment of specimens to species of the cystoporate bryozoan genera Strotopora Ulrich and Cliotrypa Ulrich and Bassler using gap-coded characters

2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Pachut ◽  
Alan Stanley Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Character State ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
First Time

Gap-coding permits the use of continuous metric characters in cladistic analyses. Character means are converted to integer equivalents by placing character state divisions in the locations of phenetic breaks between specimen clusters, under the assumption that these breaks represent the locations of bottlenecks in character distributions. Similarities and differences between specimens from closely related species of cystoporate bryozoans were evaluated for the first time by converting continuous morphometric measurements into gap-coded binary and multistate characters and analyzing them cladistically, rather than just phenetically, across multiple species of Strotopora, Cliotrypa ramosa and Fistulipora compressa.Our results demonstrate that cladistic analysis of gap-coded morphological characters can be effective in resolving phylogenetic relationships at low taxonomic levels (within and among genera) while objectively highlighting both the morphological features that specimens (taxa) share and those characteristics that differentiate them. Differences in cystiphragm abundances and sizes, especially in the proximal portions of colonies, discriminate between species of Strotopora. Colony size and growth form, abundances and lengths of hemiphragms, and sizes of cystopores discriminate between Strotopora and the closely related genus Cliotrypa. Cladistic patterns indicate that Strotopora foveolata Ulrich is a valid species with Strotopora dermata as its junior subjective synonym. Fistulipora compressa is reassigned to the genus Strotopora whereas a decision on the taxonomic status of Cliotrypa ramosa requires a broader cladistic analysis of fistuliporine genera.

Morphological cladistic analysis of Ophiurolepis Matsumoto, 1915 (Ophiurida: Ophiuridae) from the Southern Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1401 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
REBECCA L. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
The Antarctic

A phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters was done on the Antarctic ophiuroid genus Ophiurolepis Matsumoto, 1915. This genus is one of the more abundant and ecologically dominant ophiuroid genera in the Antarctic and surrounding Southern Ocean. Maximum parsimony was used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Although strongly supported nodes were not recovered for most groupings within Ophiurolepis, this first attempt at a phylogeny revealed the presence of three tentative clades. Two of the three Ophiurolepis clades included species currently assigned to other genera, but closely allied with Ophiurolepis in the taxonomic literature. This indicates that Ophiurolepis as currently defined is not a monophyletic group. Additional forms of data, namely molecular, are needed to more definitively resolve relationships within this group.

A cladistic analysis of Boronia Sm. and Boronella baill. (Rutaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Weston ◽  
RC Carolin ◽  
JA Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
East West

Boronia and Boronella form a monophyletic group within the tribe Boronieae of the Rutaceae. A cladogram for this group, constructed using 32 morphological characters, is presented. According to this hypothesis, Boronella is a monophyletic subgroup within Boronia, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic, and therefore we recommend that Boronella be included within Boronia. Two competing hypotheses of cytoevolution in Boronia are evaluated by superimposing them onto the cladogram. Smith-White's model requires fewer postulated polyploid and aneuploid changes in numbers of chromosome than James' model and is therefore preferred. The sister group of the New Caledonian species (Boronella plus Boronia koniambiensis) is restricted to disjunct south-eastem and south-westem areas in Australia. Under a vicariance model of historical biogeography this indicates that New Caledonia separated from Australia before the east-west separation within Australia. Wilson has provided the most satisfactory infrageneric classification for Boronia when compared with the cladogram.

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