Les systèmes numéraux en quechua et en aymara : une histoire de suffixes

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Carmen Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Family ◽  
Numeral Systems

Abstract The Quechuan and Aymaran numeral systems show strong similarities, e.g., they have a decimal base and thirteen simple lexemes (simple cardinal numerals). In the case of Quechuan, when forming compound cardinal numerals (namely, numerals with two or more simple lexemes), two distinct sets can be identified: in the first, the compound cardinals are the results of the juxtaposition of simple lexemes. In the second, to this juxtaposition are added nominal suffixes: /-yuq/ or /-n/ or /-wan/. This paper is focused on studying these two numeral Quechua sets involving both diachronic and geographical considerations, and puts forward the hypothesis that nominal suffixes presence in one of them is a consequence of its intense contact with the other great Andean linguistic family, the Aymara. Indeed, Aymaran in all its components, as will be described, adds nominal suffixes to its compound cardinals similarly to the Quechua suffixal numeral set.

scholarly journals Mais Fundamentos para a Hipótese de Proximidade Genética do Araweté com Línguas do sub-ramo V da Família Tupí-Guaraní (Further Foundations for the Hypothesis of Genetic Proximity of the Araweté Language to the Languages of sub-set V of the Tupí)

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral ◽  
Eliete De Jesus Bararuá Solano
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Language History ◽  
Linguistic Family

Neste artigo, desenvolve-se, com ênfase em aspectos morfossintáticos, uma análise contrastiva de dados lingüísticos do Araweté e de línguas representativas de quatro subconjuntos orientais da família lingüística Tupí-Guaraní (subconjuntos IV, V, VI e VIII), cujos resultados apontam para uma maior proximidade genética do Araweté com as línguas do subconjunto V, como havia sido proposto por Rodrigues (1985), quando dados dessa língua ainda eram bastante limitados. O estudo fornece também indicações de estágios anteriores, a partir dos quais o Araweté teria se diferenciado das demais línguas do seu subconjunto.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Morfossintaxe. Relações genéticas. Diversificação lingüística. Modelo arbóreo. Família Lingüística Tupí-Guaraní.ABSTRACTThis paper deals with contrastive analysis with emphasis on morphosyntactic aspects of Araweté and other representative languages of four eastern sub-sets of the Tupí-Guaraní family (sub-sets IV, V, VI and VIII). The results showed a great degree of genetic proximity of the Araweté language to languages of sub-set V, as proposed by Rodrigues (1985), when Araweté was still scarcely known. The study also offers indications of previous stages of the Araweté language history, from which it would have differentiated from the other languages of sub-set V. KEYWORDS: Morphosyntax. Genetic relations. Family tree model. Tupí-Guaraní linguistic family.

Polysynthesis in Lakondê, a Northern Nambikwaran Language of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Wetzels ◽  
Stella Telles
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Linguistic Family ◽  
The Subject

Lakondê, together with Mamaindê and Latundê, belongs to the Northern Nambikwara branch of the Nambikwara linguistic family spoken in Northwestern Brazil. The language is head-marking, predominantly suffixal, and of great derivational productivity. It has an elaborate system of nominal classifiers; it is incorporating, with nuclear arguments integrated in the morphology of the verb. Lakondê has two ways of incorporating nouns: one is prefixal when the incorporated morphemes represent body parts; the other is suffixal, involving nominal classifiers. When the incorporation occurs in dynamic verbs, the integrated classifier morphemes assume the role of direct object. The verbal template provides for more than thirty morpheme positions, which, from the point of view of their function, can be categorized as argumental, adverbial, evidential, and TAM. Flexional suffixes may function as nuclear arguments and dispense with the lexical realization of the subject and the object. With these characteristics Lakondê may be classified as a typical polysynthetic language.

scholarly journals Numeral Systems Across Languages Support Efficient Communication: From Approximate Numerosity to Recursion

Open Mind ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Yang Xu ◽  
Emmy Liu ◽  
Terry Regier
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Counting System ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Numeral Systems ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Computational Analyses

Languages differ qualitatively in their numeral systems. At one extreme, some languages have a small set of number terms, which denote approximate or inexact numerosities; at the other extreme, many languages have forms for exact numerosities over a very large range, through a recursively defined counting system. Why do numeral systems vary as they do? Here, we use computational analyses to explore the numeral systems of 30 languages that span this spectrum. We find that these numeral systems all reflect a functional need for efficient communication, mirroring existing arguments in other semantic domains such as color, kinship, and space. Our findings suggest that cross-language variation in numeral systems may be understood in terms of a shared functional need to communicate precisely while using minimal cognitive resources.

scholarly journals The Structure of Akroá and Xakriabá and their relation to Xavante and Xerente: A contribution to the historical linguistics of the Jê languages

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Fernando Orphão de Carvalho ◽  
Gean Nunes Damulakis
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Linguistic Family ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century

The goal of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, we aim at clarifying aspects of the phonology and morphology of Akroá and Xakriabá, to the extent that these are discernible on the basis of both the interpretation of XIX century vocabulary lists collected by explorers and the comparison with their closest extant relatives, the Xavante and Xerente languages. On the other hand, we show that by means of this comparison our knowledge of the relations among these four languages which are taken to form the central branch of the Jê linguistic family, is greatly advanced, contributing in this way to the historical investigation of the Jê languages at large.

Pathways to split ergativity

Diachronica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eystein Dahl
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Linguistic Family ◽  
Resultative Construction ◽  
Split Ergativity ◽  
Derivational Suffix

Abstract This paper reassesses the rise of ergative alignment in Anatolian and Indo-Aryan, two branches of the Indo-European linguistic family. Both of these branches acquire split-ergative morphosyntax in the course of their history but via different grammaticalization paths and with different results. In the Anatolian language Hittite, a denominative derivational suffix develops into an ergative case marker, which is restricted to so-called neuter nouns. In Indo-Aryan, on the other hand, a new ergative category with anterior aspectual semantics emerges in Middle Indo-Aryan originating from a P-oriented resultative construction in Old Indo-Aryan.

scholarly journals Intercomprensione orale tra lingue romanze

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Tombolini
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Research ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Linguistic Family ◽  
Research Action ◽  
Emotional Approach

The intercomprehension (IC), a spontaneous faculty and a form of communication when each person uses his or her language and understand the language of the other, is also a didactic approach aiming to develop the comprehension competences in several languages of the same linguistic family. The European research focus has been mainly on the written intercomprehension skills and methodologies while the oral intercomprehension has been studied without being a priority objective. A shared oral IC didactic methodology doesn’t exist. Therefore our research-action aims at designing new teaching paths to facilitate the oral IC listening of three languages: Portuguese, Spanish and French. The first experimentations focused on the learners difficulties and their strategies during the task of listening several languages never formally studied before. On the basis of the results from these studies about the nature of difficulties and strategies in the participants perception, a new case study was designed referring to the cognitive-emotional approach in languages teaching. The case study object was the IC oral course carried out between 2016 and 2017 at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. The experimentations prove that it is possible to facilitate word recognition in the sound stream enhancing cognitive and emotional factors of learning process that the IC approach activates by its own nature. The IC approach then contributes to valorise linguistic, extra-linguistic and meta-cognitive competences and shows that the plurilingual methodology can also benefit to the learning of one specific language and has an important impact on languages learning motivation.

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

D. The Line Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 207-244
Author(s):  
R. P. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Empirical Information ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Informal Approach

(Ed. note:Encouraged by the success of the more informal approach in Christy's presentation, we tried an even more extreme experiment in this session, I-D. In essence, Kraft held the floor continuously all morning, and for the hour and a half afternoon session, serving as a combined Summary-Introductory speaker and a marathon-moderator of a running discussion on the line spectrum of cepheids. There was almost continuous interruption of his presentation; and most points raised from the floor were followed through in detail, no matter how digressive to the main presentation. This approach turned out to be much too extreme. It is wearing on the speaker, and the other members of the symposium feel more like an audience and less like participants in a dissective discussion. Because Kraft presented a compendious collection of empirical information, and, based on it, an exceedingly novel series of suggestions on the cepheid problem, these defects were probably aggravated by the first and alleviated by the second. I am much indebted to Kraft for working with me on a preliminary editing, to try to delete the side-excursions and to retain coherence about the main points. As usual, however, all responsibility for defects in final editing is wholly my own.)

C. The Continuous Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Thermodynamic Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Interpretation ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
The Continuum

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.

Observing programme for the 24-inch/36-inch Schmidt telescope

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Schmidt Telescope ◽  
Flint Glass

A new 24-inch/36-inch//3 Schmidt telescope, made by C. Zeiss, Jena, has been installed since 30 August 1962, at the N. Copernicus University Observatory in Toruń. It is equipped with two objective prisms, used separately, one of crown the other of flint glass, each of 5° refracting angle, giving dispersions of 560Å/mm and 250Å/ mm respectively.

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