scholarly journals Mais Fundamentos para a Hipótese de Proximidade Genética do Araweté com Línguas do sub-ramo V da Família Tupí-Guaraní (Further Foundations for the Hypothesis of Genetic Proximity of the Araweté Language to the Languages of sub-set V of the Tupí)

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral ◽  
Eliete De Jesus Bararuá Solano
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Language History ◽  
Linguistic Family

Neste artigo, desenvolve-se, com ênfase em aspectos morfossintáticos, uma análise contrastiva de dados lingüísticos do Araweté e de línguas representativas de quatro subconjuntos orientais da família lingüística Tupí-Guaraní (subconjuntos IV, V, VI e VIII), cujos resultados apontam para uma maior proximidade genética do Araweté com as línguas do subconjunto V, como havia sido proposto por Rodrigues (1985), quando dados dessa língua ainda eram bastante limitados. O estudo fornece também indicações de estágios anteriores, a partir dos quais o Araweté teria se diferenciado das demais línguas do seu subconjunto.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Morfossintaxe. Relações genéticas. Diversificação lingüística. Modelo arbóreo. Família Lingüística Tupí-Guaraní.ABSTRACTThis paper deals with contrastive analysis with emphasis on morphosyntactic aspects of Araweté and other representative languages of four eastern sub-sets of the Tupí-Guaraní family (sub-sets IV, V, VI and VIII). The results showed a great degree of genetic proximity of the Araweté language to languages of sub-set V, as proposed by Rodrigues (1985), when Araweté was still scarcely known. The study also offers indications of previous stages of the Araweté language history, from which it would have differentiated from the other languages of sub-set V. KEYWORDS: Morphosyntax. Genetic relations. Family tree model. Tupí-Guaraní linguistic family.

scholarly journals Educating and Leading for World Citizenship

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejf Moos
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Global Level ◽  
World Citizenship ◽  
Language History ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Level I

Two perspectives on local and global societies, and therefore also on education, are explored and discussed in this paper. On one hand, society as a civilisation is producing an outcome-based discourse with a focus on marketplaces, governance, bureaucracies and accountability. On the other hand, society focuses on cul-ture through arts, language, history, relations and communication, producing a democratic Bildung dis-course. At a global level, I see those discourses shaping discourses of world citizenship and of global mar-ketplace logics with technocratic homogenisation. Those trends and tendencies are found through social analytic strategies in these categories: context of discourses, visions, themes, processes, and leadership.

scholarly journals Estonian traces in the tree of life concept and in the language family tree theory

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-326
Author(s):  
Urmas Sutrop
Keyword(s):  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Tree Models

In this paper the tree model – a well-formed tree is shortly described. After that the language family tree model by August Schleicher is treated and compared with the Charles Darwin’s tree of life diagram and metaphor. The development of the idea of the linguistic trees and the tree of life is considered historically. Earlier models – scala naturae – and tree models, both well-formed and not-well-formed are introduced. Special attention is paid to the scholars connected to Estonia who developed the idea of tree models: Georg Stiernhielm was the first who pictured a language tree already in 1671; Karl Eduard Eichwald published an early tree of animal life in 1829; and Karl Ernst von Baer influenced the tree of  life models and diagrams of Charles Darwin.

Non-Quantitative Approaches to Dialect Classification and Relatedness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Barbato
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rigid Model ◽  
Dialect Classification ◽  
The One ◽  
Quantitative Approaches

Several attempts have been made to classify Romance languages. The subgroups created can be posited as intermediate entities in diachrony between a mother language and daughter languages. This diachronic perspective can be structured using a rigid model, such as that of the family tree, or more flexible ones. In general, this perspective yields a bipartite division between Western Romance languages (Ibero-Romance, Gallo-Romance, Alpine-, and Cisalpine-Romance) and Eastern Romance languages (Italian and Romanian), or a tripartite split between Sardinian, Romanian, and other languages. The subgroups can, however, be considered synchronic groupings based on the analysis of the characteristics internal to the varieties. Naturally, the groupings change depending on which features are used and which theoretic model is adopted. Still, this type of approach signals the individuality of French and Romanian with respect to the Romània continua, or contrasts northern and southern Romània, highlighting, on the one hand, the shared features in Gallo-Romance and Gallo-Italian and, on the other, those common to Ibero-Romance, southern Italian, and Sardinian. The task of classifying Romance languages includes thorny issues such as distinguishing between synchrony and diachrony, language and dialect, and monothetic and polythetic classification. Moreover, ideological and political matters often complicate the theme of classification. Many problems stand as yet unresolved, and they will probably remain unresolvable.

Chapter V: From Herder to Darwin, 1772-1871

1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (S1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Richard Albert Wilson
Keyword(s):  
General Scheme ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Language History ◽  
The World ◽  
Descent Of Man ◽  
The Way ◽  
Modern Movement

Nature leads the way. Man emerges on the scene, follows her footprints, marks and registers them in language, and makes a Science of Nature. Then he looks back and discovers that Language, while following the path of Nature, has left a trail of her own. He returns on this new trail, again marks and registers its footprints, and makes a Science of Language.My purpose in this book is not to compare languages as in linguistic science, or to trace their concrete development as in language history; but to describe the problem which gave birth to language, to show the place of language in the general scheme of world evolution, and to point out its basic structure in relation to the two forms of sense, Space and Time. I have dealt at some length with Herder and his time because that period was the beginning of the modern movement in language investigation in which we are still engaged. For the next hundred years, from Herder’s essay in 1772 to Darwin’s Descent of Man in 1871, I can only touch some of the peaks in the development of linguistic theory and science, that, in their combined results, have prepared the way for the present inquiry, and that may help to give the perspective necessary to set the fabric of language clearly in its place among the other phenomena of the world. If this mode of treatment should appear to the language specialist as in some degree wanting in the ‘hard factualness’ of language, the explanation is that the inclusion of such factual material would not contribute to the investigation in hand. If one can make clear the world-problem which called language into existence, and show the structure which language was destined to assume in order to answer this problem, then the way should be better prepared and the impulse quickened for tracing man’s first steps and subsequent windings in the actual making of language.

A contrastive analysis of absolute constructions in French, German and Norwegian

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Hobæk Haff
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Question ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Matrix Subject

This paper is an exploration of similarities and differences concerning absolute constructions in French, German and Norwegian. In the first part, I have examined a more general question raised by these constructions: the connections between these types of absolute constructions and the matrix subject. I have shown that the means by which the absolute constructions are related to the subject can be morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic. The second part contains a purely contrastive analysis. Two issues have been examined: on the one hand, the absolute constructions and their congruent and non-congruent correspondences, on the other, the use of determiners. Essentially, French is different from the two Germanic languages, but similarities also exist between French and German, which are the center of a European Sprachbund.

Schleicher, Čelakovský, and the Family-Tree Diagram

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. S. Priestly
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tree Diagram ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
And Linguistics

Summary The first family-tree diagram in August Schleicher’s (1821–68) published work appeared in 1853, seven years after his first printed discussion of the family-tree concept. In 1853 there also appeared Čteni o srovnavaci mluvnici slovanské by the Czech scholar František Ladislav Čelakovský (1799–1852); this book also contained a family-tree diagram. Since Čelakovský and Schleicher were contemporaries in Prague for over two years, their interrelationship is of interest: was this rivalry of collaboration? At first sight, a coincidence seems improbable. In the available work on and by Schleicher, Čelakovský is never mentioned; in the writings on and by Čelakovský, Schleicher’s name is never linked to his. However, the two had very many common interests. Apart from being colleagues at Charles University, they shared the same friends and enemies, were both interested in music and botany, and so on. Moreover, both were working on Slavic Historical Linguistics during the period in question. On the other hand, their personalities were such that the possibility of a mutual antipathy must not be excluded. Given the background to Čelakovský’s life and work, including the legends of the common origin of the Slavs and the obviously close interrelationships of the Slavic languages; the burgeoning of interest in Slavic history and linguistics, and in Panslavicism; the popularity of genealogy; and the developments in classificatory techniques along natural scientific lines, it is argued that Čela-kovský’s depiction of a family-tree for the Slavic languages could be quite naturally expected from him at this point in time, without any influence from Schleicher. On the other hand, Schleicher’s first family-tree diagrams were the next logical step in his own development. Moreover, the actual form of the diagrams in question suggests that they may indeed have been developed independently. This puzzle in the history of linguistics remains unsolved: collaboration, rivalry, and coincidence are all possible.

scholarly journals Methodological reflections on the emergence of Old Frisian

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen Versloot
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Language Family ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Language History ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Best Fit

The question addressed in this article is whether it is possible to identify the time of the emergence of Frisian from the rest of West Germanic. Some of the criteria used in determining the chronology of Frisian language history are evaluated in terms of their temporal and spatial aspects. Phonological features that appear to differentiate languages from a present-day perspective disappear in a haze of synchronic and diatopic allophonic alternations. Reconstructions of the order of phonological developments often turn out to be best-fit interpretations of changes whose precise character, age and location are hard to determine. Besides, reconstructions of regional distribution are obscured by subsequent migrations and dialect shifts. Consequently, the splits in a language family tree are not bifurcations, but bushes of variation, where only hindsight allows an identification of the chronology and the decisive factors involved.

scholarly journals II. Notes on the Life of Thomas Rainborowe, Officer in the Army and Navy in the service of the Parliament of England

Archaeologia ◽  
1880 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-64
Author(s):  
Edward Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Biographical Dictionary ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Memory ◽  
Almost All

The want of a really good biographical dictionary of Englishmen is, perhaps, more felt by those whose vocation it is to investigate the details of the great civil war of the seventeenth century than by students of any other class. The fame of three or four of the leading spirits of the time has eclipsed in the common memory almost all the other people who took an important part in the struggle between Charles the First and his Parliament. Such must be in a great degree the case whenever the dramatic interest of the story centres in the actions of one commanding intellect or the misfortunes and errors of a single sufferer; but there is, we believe, no other great crisis in modern history where the less known have been permitted to remain so entirely unknown as the time of which we speak.

Subgrouping of Coahuitlán Totonac

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-117
Author(s):  
Devin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
Northern Branch

AbstractCoahuitlán Totonac is spoken in Veracruz, Mexico, and has been variously ascribed to two different branches of the Totonacan family tree. While recent work has begun to bring empirical evidence to the internal structure of this family tree, there remain several important areas of disagreement, in addition to the disputed affiliation of Coahuitlán. This article informs the family tree and demonstrates that Coahuitlán belongs to the Northern branch using shared innovations and two computational methods. The comparative method seeks sets of shared innovations for evidence of subgrouping. This article presents proposed shared innovations in phonology, morphology, and lexicon, which fall into two sets, one belonging to the Sierra and Lowland branches, and the other belonging to the Northern. Coahuitlán Totonac overwhelmingly shares innovations found in Northern languages and lacks innovations found in Sierra. Two quantitative methods are also used to show that Coahuitlán groups groups closely with other Northern languages.

scholarly journals The Approach of Democracy in Islamic Political Thought: مقاربة الديمقراطية في الفكر السياسي الإسلامي

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Odah
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
The Other ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Islamic Political Thought ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theory Of Democracy

  The present study examined the problematic relationship between democracy and the system of government in Islam, whereby considering that the concept of democracy represents a conceptually fundamental dilemma in Islamic political thought due to the link between this concept and secularism, and to the difference of opinion and diligence about it, and as a result of the expansion of the intellectual perspective of Islam as a religion without a state. This study found that there is a great degree - though not comprehensive - in the democratic conception covered by the Islamic political heritage through the inclusion of this heritage on the main dimensions of the theory of democracy in the contemporary sense; these dimensions are social contract, allegiance, Shura, human rights and the separation between the authorities. On the other hand, the study found that there are a number of religious, political, cultural and tribal factors that blended together and led to the exclusion of democracy as an explicit concept in the sources of Islamic political heritage despite the latter's coverage of the dimensions of democracy.  

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