Sannō Matsuri

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 78-117
Author(s):  
John Breen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Common People ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Moving Parts

Abstract This study of the Sannō Festival at Hiyoshi Taisha in Shiga Prefecture starts from the premise that all festivals reproduce and reinvent themselves over time, obfuscating their origins, typically claiming specious roots in the ancient or mythical past. Firstly, I analyze the Sannō Festival as performed today, drawing on my own festival fieldwork. I then adopt a historical approach, deploying historical sources to recreate the festival in its premodern guise. Finally, I use an array of primary sources to analyze the contested process of making the modern festival. Throughout, I keep within my purview multiple moving parts: the seven kami and the seven shrines that make up the Hiyoshi Taisha complex; the priests and monks who have venerated them, shaping and reshaping the Sannō Festival; and the common people, too, whose participation is key to the modern festival’s vibrancy and success.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
S. Elizabeth Penry
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Common People ◽  
New Towns ◽  
The Common ◽  
Planned Towns ◽  
The Town ◽  
Over Time

In the sixteenth century, Spaniards forcibly resettled Andeans into planned towns called reducciones. Andeans adapted the political and religious institutions of the new towns, the cabildo (town council) and the cofradías (confraternities), and made them their own, organizing them by the Andean social form, the ayllu. Over time, political legitimacy and authority within towns was transferred from traditional native hereditary lords, the caciques, to the common people of the town, who called themselves the común. Although a Spanish word, común took on Andean meaning as it was the word used to translate terms for collective land and the collective people of a town. It became a recognized shorthand for a political philosophy empowering common people. In the late eighteenth-century era of Atlantic Revolutions, the común rose up against its caciques, in an Enlightenment-from-below moment of popular sovereignty.

Transmission of Buddhist Media and Texts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Veidlinger
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Common People ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Common ◽  
Canonical Texts ◽  
Over Time

Different media have been used to spread the teachings of Buddhism, and they have exerted a significant influence upon the development of Buddhist ideas and institutions over time. An oral tradition was first used in ancient India to record and spread the Buddhist Dharma, and later the Pali canon was written down in the 1st century bce. Writing was also conspicuously used to transmit Mahāyāna texts starting in the first centuries of the first millennium. Printing was developed in medieval China probably in connection with the Buddhist desire to create merit through copying the texts. Efforts to print Buddhist texts in Western languages and scripts began in earnest in the late 19th century, and Western printing methods were later adopted by Asian Buddhists to publish the texts in modern times. It is important to appreciate the intricate relationship between the medium that is used to transmit a text and the form of the text itself, as well as the commensurate effects of the texts and their ideas on the medium and its uses in society. The oral medium has many constraints that forced the early texts to assume certain forms that were amenable to oral transmission, and institutions arose to assist in the preservation of these texts as well. Even once writing came to be used, the common people generally did not read but rather heard the text recited by learned monks. Private reading is for the most part a modern invention and it, too, had a distinct influence on the development of Buddhism, leading to modern reformist movements that demanded less superstition, more meditation, and a closer adherence to the teachings found in the canonical texts. The Internet is also shaping the popular reception of Buddhism, as Buddhist teachings and texts proliferate on thousands of websites in a dizzying array of languages.

Thinking with Diagrams: The Chaîne Opératoire and the Transmission of Technical Knowledge in Chinese Agricultural Texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-223
Author(s):  
Francesca Bray
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
General Level ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Common People ◽  
Chaîne Opératoire ◽  
Chaine Operatoire ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
The Common ◽  
Technical Operation

Abstract Diagrams make wonderful templates for technical action. It follows that for scholars of science and technology they are both an object and a tool of study. The author explores this relationship in the first part of the article, focusing on one particularly effective format for communicating or retrieving complicated technological sequences: the chaîne opératoire, or procedural sequence. Today we usually think of a diagram as a graphic, but diagrammatic thinking is also frequently expressed in other forms, including text or hybrids of graphics and text. To illustrate this, the author compares the formulation and use of chaînes opératoires in two canonical Chinese agricultural treatises. The Qimin yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Common People) by Jia Sixie, completed ca. 540 CE, was composed before printing was available and makes no use of graphics. The Nongshu (Agricultural Treatise) of 1313, authored by Wang Zhen, was published using woodblock print, a medium that facilitated Wang’s copious use of graphics. The comparison between these classic treatises invites reflection on how the material techniques of inscription available to an author might influence their diagrammatic thinking. But the chaîne opératoire is good to think with at a more general level too. For historians, the matches or discrepancies between the chaîne opératoire they might draw up to map a technical operation, and the versions that they find in historical sources, suggest ways to think both about technology as a total social fact, and about differences between cultures of communication.

Socioeconomic Change in Villages of Manchuria During the Ch'ing and Republican Periods: Some Preliminary Findings

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon H. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Common People ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time

A Great deal has been written about the Chinese state, but we still know very little about the common people, particularly peasants. How did they live? How did they found their communities? How did their socioeconomic status and property rights change over time. During the 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s, China's rural society and economy became the object of intense investigation by Chinese and foreign researchers. From this period dates our present, conventional wisdom of how rural communities were structured and had evolved since the nineteenth century.

Litchfield Unbound: Unlocking Legal History with Metadata, Digitization, and Digital Tools

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-855
Author(s):  
Jason Eiseman ◽  
Whitney Bagnall ◽  
Cate Kellett ◽  
Caitlyn Lam
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Law School ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Common ◽  
English Law ◽  
Law Library

Notebooks written by students at the Litchfield Law School are among the primary sources for understanding the influence of English law in this country. The notebooks provide rich documentation of how the common law and elements of English law were presented, explained, and compared with American law in a formal classroom setting during the Early Republic. The digitization project described here, the first large-scale digitization initiative undertaken at the Lillian Goldman Law Library at Yale Law School, with the cooperation of the Litchfield Historical Society, is intended to organize, describe, and analyze those notebooks with a web site containing a database, bibliography, inventory, and links to images. The Litchfield student notebook project was intended not only to create digital surrogates of important historical sources, but also to inform future digital legal history projects at the Lillian Goldman Law Library.

scholarly journals GERAKAN LITERASI DI BANTEN (1900-1942)

ALQALAM ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
MUFTI ALI
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
National Library ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Geographical Dispersion ◽  
Intensive Growth

  This paper is written to answer two main questions (1) how many were there 'the fruits' of literate movement in Banten, especially as reflected in literature written in Roman scripts (2) whether the rise of 'those fruits' is corelated with the geographical dispersion and intensive growth of the number of the alumni of so called Dutch School? To deal with these two main questions, the present writer will discuss two sub-topics: first, the degree of literacy of Banten indigenous population, and secondly, a number of accessible literatures which were published in 1900-1942, fruits' of the competency of reading and writing of literate group of Bantenese population. Historical approach applied in this study necessitate the present writer to undertake the fallowing steps: (1) heuristical, gathering relevant historical sources and data, (2) data intetpretation, and (3) historiography or historical naration. The reconstruction of those two sub-topics are solely based on the availability of primary sources, collected from National Library and National Archives of Indonesian Republic (PERPUSNAS and ANRI), both in Jakarta. The conclusion which can be taken in this study is that (first), despite of the fact that Banten is recorded as one of residences in Java with the lowest degree of literacy among its population, the product of literacy of its people is quite rich and quality. Secondly, there was a corelation between the growth of the number of alumni of the dutch school and the degree of the productiviry in literate movement. Keywords: literate movement, alumni, Dutch school, Banten

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kunal Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Common People ◽  
High Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

Myths about COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 907-912
Author(s):  
Deepika Masurkar ◽  
Priyanka Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Common People ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Media ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Health Organization

Recently at the end of 2019, a new disease was found in Wuhan, China. This disease was diagnosed to be caused by a new type of coronavirus and affected almost the whole world. Chinese researchers named this novel virus as 2019-nCov or Wuhan-coronavirus. However, to avoid misunderstanding the World Health Organization noises it as COVID-19 virus when interacting with the media COVID-19 is new globally as well as in India. This has disturbed peoples mind. There are various rumours about the coronavirus in Indian society which causes panic in peoples mind. It is the need of society to know myths and facts about coronavirus to reduce the panic and take the proper precautionary actions for our safety against the coronavirus. Thus this article aims to bust myths and present the facts to the common people. We need to verify myths spreading through social media and keep our self-ready with facts so that we can protect our self in a better way. People must prevent COVID 19 at a personal level. Appropriate action in individual communities and countries can benefit the entire world.

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