SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE 6TH–9TH C. EAST

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 603-647
Author(s):  
John Haldon
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
The Military

This paper summarises some archaeological and documentary evidence for the changes seen in the East Roman empire between the 6th and the 9th c., and suggests how this evidence may be placed within a broader theoretical framework relating to pre-modern social systems. Whilst archaeological evidence for the latter part of the period remains very limited, that for the 6th and 7th c. reveals a marked retreat from urban life towards more defensible sites, and a decline in inter-regional exchange. However, combined with the archaeological data, documentary sources suggest the survival of a society of some complexity, producing sufficient surplus to sustain the military and bureaucratic systems that evolved between the later 7th and 9th c. It is suggested that Byzantine society should not be viewed as a ‘logical’ hierarchical entity reminiscent of modern western administrative structures, but rather as the result of a multiplicity of interacting relationships and social structures.

The Repressed Priest Anatoly Maslennikov (1891-1921): A Biography Reconstruction Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Pecherin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Theological School ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Church

The article presents the first experiment in compiling a biography of the priest Anatoly Aleksandrovich Maslennikov, who was shot in Tomsk in 1920 on charges of belonging to the White Guard organization and canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1981. During the study, a huge number of documentary sources stored in state and departmental archives of Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Tomsk Oblasts, as well as church periodicals, reference and scientific literature, and also the personal archive of E. Simpson (Great Britain) have been examined. This study provides materials for compiling a socio-cultural portrait of an Orthodox clergy representative who became a participant of the Civil War: his social background, education, and marital status. Some new biographical details have been discovered and the known data clarified, including the periods of his ministry as the prior of Zavodo-Uspensky parish in Tyumen District of Tobolsk Province (now Tugulymsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast), the regimental priest in the White Army, and the priest in the Baturinskoe village of Tomsk Province (now Tomsk District of Tomsk Oblast). The fact of Maslennikov's training at Kurgan Theological School is published for the first time; his study at Tobolsk Theological Seminary is also considered. The circle of the priest's relatives has been determined. After the successful graduation from Tobolsk Theological Academy in 1913, Maslennikov married, was ordained to the priesthood and appointed Prior of Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the village of Zavodo-Uspenskoye. Before the Civil War, he served in the parish, educating peasants in addition to the church service. Father Anatoly did not share revolutionary ideas, and with the outbreak of the Civil War in the Urals he transferred to the military department and was sent to the 16th Ishim Regiment under the command of Colonel N.N. Kazagrandi. With the retreating army of Admiral Kolchak, the priest and his family arrived to Tomsk, and here, after the defeat of the Whites, he was appointed priest of the Church of St. George the Victorious in the Baturinskoe village near Tomsk in December 1919. On May 14, 1920, he was arrested on charges of belonging to the White Guard organization, and, after a short-term investigation, priest Anatoly was shot on June 25, among many other victims of the fierce civil confrontation. In 1994 Anatoly Maslennikov was rehabilitated. The study of individual biographies within the context of the era allows expanding the possibilities of compiling prosopographies (dynamic collective biographies of social groups) and revealing the socio-cultural characteristics of the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church during the period of the most powerful social transformation of society in the 20th century.

The Germani and the German Provinces of Rome

2015 ◽  
pp. 408-436
Author(s):  
Claus von Carnap-Bornheim
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
Military Development ◽  
The Military

This chapter focuses on the Germani and the German provinces of the Roman Empire. It first considers the so-called ‘ethnic interpretation’ of the archaeological data in the lands between Danube, Rhine, and Elbe before discussing Germanic settlement and building structures among the German populations of the borderlands in the immediate contact zone of the limes. It then examines the significance of Roman imports into Germanic Barbaricum, along with the rise of Germanic elites under the influence of, in conjunction with, and sometimes dependent on Rome. It also considers the development of the military within western Germanic Barbaricum, with emphasis on patterns in the Germanic context as a driving force of military development up to the Late Roman period; and the exchange of goods as the basis of economic interaction between Rome and Germany. Finally, the chapter describes the militarization of Germanic society and the transition from asymmetric to symmetric warfare.

scholarly journals An underestimated record breaking event – why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Wetter ◽  
C. Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Precipitation Anomaly ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

Abstract. The heat of summer 2003 in Western and Central Europe was claimed to be unprecedented since the Middle Ages on the basis of grape harvest data (GHD) and late wood maximum density (MXD) data from trees in the Alps. This paper shows that the authors of these studies overlooked the fact that the heat and drought in Switzerland in 1540 likely exceeded the amplitude of the previous hottest summer of 2003, because the persistent temperature and precipitation anomaly in that year, described in an abundant and coherent body of documentary evidence, severely affected the reliability of GHD and tree-rings as proxy-indicators for temperature estimates. Spring–summer (AMJJ) temperature anomalies of 4.7 °C to 6.8 °C being significantly higher than in 2003 were assessed for 1540 from a new long Swiss GHD series (1444 to 2011). During the climax of the heat wave in early August the grapes desiccated on the vine, which caused many vine-growers to interrupt or postpone the harvest despite full grape maturity until after the next spell of rain. Likewise, the leaves of many trees withered and fell to the ground under extreme drought stress as would usually be expected in late autumn. It remains to be determined by further research whether and how far this result obtained from local analyses can be spatially extrapolated. Based on the temperature estimates for Switzerland it is assumed from a great number of coherent qualitative documentary evidence about the outstanding heat drought in 1540 that AMJJ temperatures were likely more extreme in neighbouring regions of Western and Central Europe than in 2003. Considering the significance of soil moisture deficits for record breaking heat waves, these results still need to be validated with estimated seasonal precipitation. It is concluded that biological proxy data may not properly reveal record breaking heat and drought events. Such assessments thus need to be complemented with the critical study of contemporary evidence from documentary sources which provide coherent and detailed data about weather extremes and related impacts on human, ecological and social systems.

From the history of the military past of composer and conductor Boris Galaev

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Felix S. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Boris Alexandrovich Galaev is known as an outstanding composer, folklorist, conductor, educator, musical and public figure. He has a great merit in the development of musical culture in South Ossetia. All the musical activity of B.A. Galaev is studied and analyzed in detail. In most of the biographies of B.A. Galaev about his participation in the First World War, there is only one proposal that he served in the army and was a bandmaster. For the first time in historiography the participation of B.A. Galaev is analyzed, and it is found out what positions he held, what awards he received, in which battles he participated. Based on the identified documentary sources, for the first time in historiography, it occured that B.A. Galaev was an active participant in the First World War on the Caucasian Front. He went on attacks, both on foot and horse formation, was in reconnaissance, maintained communication between units, received military awards. During this period, he did not have time to study his favorite music, since, according to the documents, he was constantly at the front, in the battle formations of the advanced units. He had to forget all this heroic past and tried not to mention it ever after. Therefore, this period of his life was not studied by the researchers of his biography. For writing this work, the author uses the Highest Orders on the Ranks of the Military and the materials of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA).

Wątek składania ofiar w dekoracji budowli sakralnych Dura Europos

Vox Patrum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 393-402
Author(s):  
Ilona Skupińska-Løvset
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
Desert Sand ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
The Military

Dura Europos, or as proposed today Europos Dura, was a fortified settlement on the border between the Roman Empire and the East. The archeological dis­coveries reflected the character of the settlement – the fortified agglomeration grouped at the military camp. After its fall Europos Dura was covered by desert sand only to be discovered in the XXth century. Archaeological research has dis­closed documentation of its multicultural character. This paper points to the fact of coexistence of various religions in late antiquity Europos Dura. Paintings and sculptures discovered in situ indicate that scene of offering was a favorite subject in the sacral art of Europos Dura, independent of religion. The ceremony of in­cense burning constitutes the dominant form of offering regarding visualizations of this important ceremony.

WESTERN EUROPEAN AND BYZANTINE SOURCES OF THE MIDDLE AGES ABOUT THE RELATIONS BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN CHRISTIANS AND THE CAPTURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS IN 1204

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Dmitriy M. Abramov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Military ◽  
Detailed Picture ◽  
The Middle Ages

Historical sources and evidence of the eyewitnesses of the 4th crusade in many respects reflect the complexity and sharpness of the contradictions between the Western and Eastern Christendom at the turn of the 12th – 13th centuries. The evidence and narrations proceed from the most direct participants in the military events, broke out on the shore of the Bosporus in 1203–1204. The authors of those materials belonged to the two opposing camps, and therefore the analysis of those sources represents a sufficiently complete and detailed picture of the occurred tragedy. A thorough analysis of the sources makes it possible to at least partially see and comprehend the causes of the military confrontation between the Western and Eastern Christians, who represented – just a while ago, in the first half of the 11th century – the united Ecumenical Church. The sources vividly reflect the mood that prevailed in the crusaders’ encampment in April, 1204, hesitation and doubt of the bulk of the Cross Warriors who were not sure of the rightness of their actions in the preparation for the assault of Constantinople. Many of them understood that they would have to raise the sword against their fellow believers – the Christians of the East. But the most tragic outcome of the 1202–1204 Crusade was the crushing defeat of Constantinople by the Cross Warriors. For the Romans (Byzantines) that became the reason for the disintegration of the Roman Empire. For all Eastern Christians it indicated the demise of the capital of the Orthodox Christendom.

scholarly journals The Seat of the Roman Governor at Carnuntum (Pannonia Superior)

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3009-3031
Author(s):  
Christian Gugl ◽  
Mario Wallner ◽  
Alois Hinterleitner ◽  
Wolfgang Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
The Military

The Roman site of Carnuntum was once a flourishing center on the frontiers of the Roman Empire. In its heyday as the capital of the province of Pannonia superior, Carnuntum probably covered an area of almost 9 km². The whole site was divided into a military settlement (castra and canabae legionis) and a civil town (municipium/colonia). Through a large-scale archaeological prospection project, this huge area could be investigated and analyzed in great detail using a wide variety of nondestructive prospection methods. One of the main discoveries of the project was observed in the military settlement, where it was possible to identify a previously unknown military camp, interpreted as the garrison of the governor’s guard, the castra singularium. Through the topographic analysis of the immediate surroundings, the Roman fort was determined to be embedded in a large administrative complex related to the governor’s seat in Carnuntum. This article presents these new discoveries and shows what an important part they formed in the administration of the Roman province of Upper Pannonia.

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