Fiber Morphology and Chemical Composition of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus) Stems

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Housseinpour ◽  
Ahmad Jahan Latibari ◽  
Ramin Farnood ◽  
Pedram Fatehi ◽  
S. Javad Sepiddehdam
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stalks are widely available. Data on their fiber morphology and chemical composition is important to establish their best performance during pulping. This study found that average fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness, and lumen width of rapeseed were 1.32 mm, 31 μm, 5.75 μm, and 19.5 μm, respectively. Rapeseed fibers appear almost identical to wood fibers, but the accompanying vessel elements and parenchyma cells mean that small particles (fines) will be produced during refining. The chemical analysis of depithed rapeseed stalks showed that the cellulose, lignin, holocellulose, pentosan, and ash were 48.5%, 20%, 77.5%, 17%, and 6.6%, respectively. Alcoholacetone, hot water, cold water, and 1%-NaOH solubility were 6.6%, 5%, 13.8%, and 50.3%, respectively. These results indicate rapeseed stalks are suitable for pulping and papermaking.

Study on the Chemical Properties of Anthocephalus chinensis

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 5366-5370
Author(s):  
Jin Sun ◽  
Xiao Bo Wang ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Xiao Jing Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

In order to provide necessary basis for utilization of Anthocephalus chinensis, its chemical composition was explored in this paper. The results as follow: Cold water extractive is 3.18%. Hot water extractive is 4.58%. 1% sodium hydroxide extractive is 18.78%. Alcohol-benzene extractive is 2.73%. Content of cellulose is 44.09%. Content of acid-insoluble lignin is 23.31%.Content of holocellulose is 74.72%. Content of hemicellulose is 30.67%. pH value of wood is 5.31. Through comparing with other species, the results suggested that A. chinensis is ideal material for wood-based panel, interior decoration and packaging.

Study on the Chemical Properties of Toona Ciliate

2011 ◽  
Vol 94-96 ◽  
pp. 759-763
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhong Gao ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Xiao Jing Wang ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Xiao Bo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Toona Ciliata

Toona ciliata, fast-growing timber species, located in the tropical and subtropical region. In order to explore how to make better use of Toona ciliate, its chemical composition was investigated in this paper. The results show that: Cold water extractive was 1.02%. Hot water extractive was 3.39%. 1% sodium hydroxide extractive was 15.45%. Ethanol-benzene extractive was 1.53%. Content of cellulose was 48.35%. Content of acid-insoluble lignin was 24.92%. Content of holocellulose was 76.45%. Content of hemicellulose was 28.1%. pH value of wood was 6.33. Through comparing with other species, high content of cellulose and low content of extractive suggested that Toona ciliate was ideal material for pulping and board making.

THE ABSENCE OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION IN DRIED BENT CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS IN PLANT CELL WALLS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-343
Author(s):  
J. Ross Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Deformation ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Avena Coleoptile ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Embedding Medium

A small fraction of individual cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls show appreciable bending along a portion of their length in a plane tangential to the cell surface. Segments of such curved microfibrils from transverse sections of Avena coleoptile epidermal or parenchyma cells do not straighten when they are freed from the constraints imposed by adjacent microfibrils, amorphous cell wall constituents, or the embedding medium. The curvature of these segments is not affected by immersion in cold water for 30 minutes, in hot water for 10 minutes, or in steam at 100° for 10 minutes. The results indicate that there is no elastic deformation of bent cellulose microfibrils in dried plant cell walls. The curvature of the microfibrils in the absence of elastic deformation suggests either (a) that cellulose microfibrils may be synthesized in a bent strain-free condition or (b) that cellulose microfibrils are synthesized in a straight form, followed by elastic deformation with subsequent release of strain by recrystallization on drying.

scholarly journals Chemical and Wood Anatomical Properties of Tumorous Wood in a Turkish White Oak (Quercus Robur Subsp. Robur)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezgin K. Gülsoy ◽  
Hüdaverdi Eroğlu ◽  
Nesime Merev
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Tangential Section ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
Tumorous Growth

Chemical and anatomical properties of tumorous and normal wood of Quercus robur L. subsp. robur were compared. Tumorous growth appeared as a result of topping stress. Orientation of cells was severely disrupted in the affected wood. In cross section, aspects of cells changed abruptly from transverse to longitudinal, and in tangential section all wood elements appeared to turn around each other like a fingerprint. Vessel elements and fibres of affected wood were shorter than those of healthy wood. The vessels of affected wood were smaller in diameter especially in the earlywood. On the other hand, multiseriate ray height was shorter than that of normal wood. In addition, perforated ray cells occurred. The ray and axial parenchyma cells of tumorous wood contained dark coloured phenolic compounds. Normal wood had calcium oxalate crystals, while tumorous wood did not. Chemical analyses showed that hemicellulose content and solubility rates in 1% NaOH, cold water, hot water, and alcohol- benzene were higher than those of normal wood. Cellulose and ash contents of tumorous wood were slightly lower than in normal wood. In addition, air-dry specific gravity of tumorous wood was higher than that of normal wood.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Different Number of Fins in Circular Tube

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kamil Abdul Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Finned Tube ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Copper Tube ◽  
Smooth Tube ◽  
Tube Heat Exchanger ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Flow Heat

Abstract-The present work investigates the enhancement of heat transfer by using different number of circular fins (8, 10, 12, 16, and 20) in double tube counter flow heat exchanger experimentally. The fins are made of copper with dimensions 66 mm OD, 22 mm ID and 1 mm thickness. Each fin has three of 14 mm diameter perforations located at 120o from each to another. The fins are fixed on a straight smooth copper tube of 1 m length, 19.9 mm ID and 22.2 mm OD. The tube is inserted inside the insulated PVC tube of 100 mm ID. The cold water is pumped around the finned copper tube, inside the PVC, at mass flow rates range (0.01019 - 0.0219) kg/s. The Reynold's number of hot water ranges (640 - 1921). The experiment results are obtained using six double tube heat exchanger (1 smooth tube and the other 5 are finned one). The results, illustrated that the heat transfer coefficient proportionally with the number of fin. The results also showed that the enhancement ratio of heat transfer for finned tube is higher than for smooth tube with (9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1 13.1) times for number of fins (8, 10, 12, 16 and 20) respectively.

Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Pinus Pinaster Bark

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Nunes ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The secondary phloem of Pinus pinaster Aiton bark has sieve cells and axial and radial parenchyma, but no fibres. Resin ducts are present in fusiform rays . Stiloid crystals, starch granules and tannins occur inside sieve and parenchyma cells. The rhytidome of P. pinaster bark has a variable number of periderms forming scale-type discontinuous layers over expanded parenchyma cells. Phellem comprises 4-6 layers of thickwaIled and little suberized cells and phelloderm a layer of 2 or 3 thickened lignified ceIls and a layer of expanded cells.

Comparative Analysis on Chemical Composition and Charcoal Characterization of Two Miscanthus Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 1265-1272
Author(s):  
Wen Biao Zhang ◽  
Wen Zhu Li ◽  
Bing Song Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Hot Water

Miscanthus is a highly productive, rhizomatous, C4 perennial grass that should be considered as an excellent active carbon precursor. This paper compares the charcoal characterization and chemical composition between M. sinensis and M. floridulus. Species differed in water content, hot water extract, 1% NaOH extract, organic solvent extract, cellulose, lignin and ash. Carbonization temperatures have effects on charcoal yields of Miscanthus, which ranged from 23.5% to 48.0% for M. sinensis and 11.3% to 37.2% for M. floridulus. Water content, charcoal density, pH value, and specific surface area of charcoal characterization varied between two species of Miscanthus. The specific surface area increased with the increase of carbonization temperature. The highest specific surface area of M. sinensis and M. floridulus was 351.74 m2g−1and 352.74 m2g−1, respectively, when the carbonization temperature was 800°C.

scholarly journals The Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on Physical Properties of Processed Amaranth and Oat Bran Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Sean X. Liu ◽  
Diejun Chen ◽  
George E. Inglett ◽  
Jingyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Amaranth Flour

Amaranth-oat composites were developed using gluten free amaranth flour containing essential amino acids and minerals with oat products containing β-glucan, known for lowering blood cholesterol. Amaranth flour and oat bran concentrate (OBC) composites (1:4) were processed using different technologies, including dry mixing, baking, steaming, cold wet blending, and high speed homogenizing (Polytron PT6000) with cold water or hot water. The results showed that water holding capacities, pasting, and rheological properties were dramatically increased by wet blending, Polytron with cold water, and Polytron with hot water followed by drum drying. The processing procedures created dissimilar physical properties that will enhance the application of ancient grains and oat for functional foods that are suitable for people who are gluten-intolerant. In addition, the dietary fiber contents of composites were increased by the incorporation of OBC. The composites can be inexpensively prepared and processed. The new healthful products will be affordable for people who suffer from celiac disease or gluten-intolerant. These innovative gluten-free functional food products will help millions of gluten sensitive consumers enjoy heart-healthy functional foods.

Action Mechanism of the Improvement of Printability for Eucalypt Bleached Kraft Pulp Pretreated by Cellulase

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
Wan You Tang ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Zheng Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Pulp Sample ◽  
The Mean

Enzymatic refining of eucalypt bleached kraft pulp with the cellulase NOV476 was studied. The effects of this cellulase on the physical properties of pulp, fiber morphology and fiber appearance of the eucalypt bleached kraft pulp in different application conditions were discussed. The results show that, with the increase in the amount of enzyme, tensile strength index, burst index and TEA index of paper are increased and then decreased; elongation and tear index of paper have been declining, Zeeil tensile strength index has been an upward trend. Without beating the pulp sample, gradually increases as the amount of enzyme, the average fiber length and the average fiber width are gradually reduced, while mean kink index substantially constant. Number of vessels in fiber overall reduced tendency reaches a minimum in the amount of enzyme 0.5μ/g, the phenomenon is most obvious. In the same conditions of beating time, gradually increases as the amount of enzyme, the average fiber length is gradually reduced, an average fiber width is gradually increased, the mean kink index reaches a maximum in the amount of enzyme is 0.5μ/g. Number of vessels in fiber overall reduced trend.

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