PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF NECTRIA CANKER ON FRAXINUS MANDSHURICA VAR. JAPONICA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽  
Yuko Yamada ◽  
Yuzou Sano ◽  
Yutaka Tamai ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Fraxinus Mandshurica ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Nectria Galligena ◽  
Nectria Canker ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Causal Fungus ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Large Vessels

The anatomical characteristics of Nectria canker on Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica were analyzed. Typical cankers were conspicuous, round to oval, with uniform concentric rings of affected xylem in a target-like structure. Each concentric annual growth ring was wider than the corresponding annual rings lateral to the cankers. The xylem elements were extremely disoriented. The cambial zone became discontinuous and disappeared. An inoculation test with the causal fungus, Nectria galligena, produced similar anatomical abnormalities and revealed the process of canker formation. Fewer and narrower vessels were formed, and water conduction took place only in the large vessels of the current year in the cankers.

scholarly journals Cyclic Changes of Climate in Europe During the Last Millenium According to Dendrological Data

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Jerzy Boryczka ◽  
Maria Stopa-Boryczka ◽  
Szymon Bijak
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Ring Width ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Cyclic Changes

Abstract The paper discusses periodic climate changes in Europe determined on the basis of dendrochronological data dating back one thousand years. In tree-ring width sequences of trees growing in Poland there are approximately 8-, 11-, 100- and 180- year periods. The tree-ring widths of oaks growing in Poland for the last centuries are characterised, without any significant amplitude, by 8- and 11-year periods (Tab. 1). In turn, chronologies of pine, spruce, larch, oak and fir growing in Europe are characterised by 100- and 180-year periods (Tab. 2). Cycles of dendrochronological variables approximate cycles of air temperature and North Atlantic Oscillation NAO as well as those of solar activity. The forecast of annual growth (ring width) for 2001-2100 was calculated by interference of the tree-ring width cycles determined by the sinusoidal regression method. Because of much longer empirical sequences of specific periods, the credibility of forecasts for tree-ring widths is greater than that for air temperature.

scholarly journals Sea whip coral Leptogorgia virgulata in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: Colony complexity, age, and growth

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca P. Wenker ◽  
Bradley G. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Leptogorgia Virgulata ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Changes Over Time

Sea whip coral Leptogorgia virgulata are a common structural component of both natural and artificial hard-bottom reef habitats in the mid-Atlantic region and may serve as essential habitat for commercially valuable species. However, they are slow-growing, easily damaged, and especially vulnerable to damage by passive fishing gear such as pots and traps. Despite their potential importance, until recently, sea whips have been generally understudied in this region. We examined the colony complexity, length, age, and growth of sea whips from four artificial reef sites in the mid-Atlantic region to gain a better understanding of their biology in the area. There were no significant differences in the bifurcation (Rb) and tributary to source (T/S) ratios between sites, with the Rb ≈3 for all sites, indicating similar complexity between sites. The total length distribution was 8.3 cm to 85.3 cm, and 50% of corals in the range of 34.2–56.4 cm. Age, estimated from annual growth ring counts, ranged from 2 to 15 y, with 50% of corals in the range of 6 to 8 y. The large proportion of middle-sized and middle-aged corals suggests episodic recruitment. Age-length keys showed the trend of age increasing with total coral length, and a von Bertalanffy growth model demonstrated size-dependent growth following the equation: E[L—t] (cm) = 86.1(1−e−0.14(t−1.44)). This is the first study providing such data for sea whips in the coastal mid-Atlantic region, and the baseline created will be a useful reference to study changes over time.

Evaluation of Holman-Digimicrometer

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Clarke ◽  
H. Gary Murchison
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Operational Range

Tests of Holman-digimicrometer linear digitizer showed that it is statistically accurate and precise within the manufacturer's description. An operational bias in the order of 0.1 percent was found, but is considered insignificant for practical purposes. This bias remained constant over the operational range of the digitizer. Precision was in the order of 0.01 mm for mean annual growth ring readings for Boreal forest species.

Comparison of the wood anatomy and fibers derived from Indonesian Toona sinensis Roem. and Toona sureni Merr

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 4769-4779
Author(s):  
J. Jayusman ◽  
Luthfi Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Toona Sinensis ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
Physical Features

In terms of their anatomy, there is confusion in differentiating between Toona sinensis (Juss.) Roem. and Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. In order to validate the identification of both species, reconfirmation of the primary character differences is required. The objectives of this study are the reconfirmation of the anatomical properties to confirm their differences and the evaluation of the fiber morphology in terms of pulp and paper raw material quality. The results show that there were differences in the gross physical features of the bark and the color of the wood. The wood color of T. sinensis is red-brown and darker, while T. sureni is white-yellow, leading to the nomenclature red and white surian, respectively. An anatomical view of T. sinensis shows that the annual growth ring has indistinct boundaries as a primary distinguishing anatomical feature, while T. sureni shows that the annual growth ring boundaries are distinct. The annual growth ring allows the establishment of intra-annual past and present structure-function relationships as well as its sensitivity to environmental variability. Based on the results, both species have different anatomical properties, and both species are suitable to be used as a raw material for pulp and paper production.

scholarly journals Diagnostic features of Fraxinus excelsior L. with wavy-grained wood growing in Ukraine

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Ivan Sopushynskyy ◽  
Alfred Teischinger
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
The Aesthetic

Abstract. The paper presents analysis of biometric features of ash with wavy-grained wood, which has decorative appeal. The research results shows that fresh broadleaves ash forest stands growing in the Vinnytsya and Sokyryany Regions of Ukraine have high potential for growing curly ash. The differences between straight-grained and wavygrained wood density and macrostructure were analysed and estimated. Statistical evaluation of the aesthetic macrostructure of wood characteristics indicated that the length of wave varied from 3,25 to 10,83 mm and its amplitude varied from 0,37 to 1,74 mm. The average width and mean height of anomalies in wood formation were equal to 15,89 mm and 5,00 mm, and their mean occurrence was 30 times m-2. Average annual growth ring width of wavy-grained ash wood was clearly greater (by 25%) than that of straight-grained wood. The density of wavy-grained wood was 82 kg·m-3 higher than straight-grained wood after oven-drying and 70 kg·m-3 higher prior to oven-drying

Prediction of shear strength parallel to grain in clear wood of oak (Quercus robur L.) on the basis of shear plane orientation, density and anatomical traits

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Riesco Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Shear Plane ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Western Spain

Abstract Oak wood is popular for use in construction and as flooring. Evaluating the mechanical strength of oak timber is difficult and time consuming. Therefore, models for predicting mechanical properties, based on easy-to-obtain variables, may be useful. The purpose of the study was to build models for predicting shear strength parallel-to-grain in oak clear wood. With this goal, the shearing resistance was tested on 198 defect-free specimens (target dimensions 50 × 50 mm in tested section) obtained from a sample of 40 oak trees felled in north-western Spain. The mean shear strength of the sampled oak wood provenance was 15 N mm−2, which was almost equal to the highest mean value reported in previous studies. Analysis of the relationships between the variables tested enabled development of a model relating shear strength parallel to grain at 12% moisture content, with air-dry wood density and angle between tangential and shear plane as predictor variables ( R adj 2 ${R}_{\text{adj}}^{2}$  = 0.61, p < 0.01, bias = −0.80%, RMSE = 13.66%, for wood with wavy grain; R adj 2 ${R}_{\text{adj}}^{2}$  = 0.36, p < 0.01, bias = −1.46%, RMSE = 17.22%, for wood without wavy grain). The independence of shear strength relative to the presence/absence of sapwood or the annual growth ring width was also demonstrated.

Phloem development, growth markers, and sieve-tube longevity in two Neotropical trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Veronica Angyalossy ◽  
Marcelo R. Pace ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati ◽  
Ray F. Evert
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Sieve Tubes

Abstract This study provides a detailed analysis of phloem anatomy, development, the formation of cell types, differentiation, and sieve-tube element’s longevity in two tropical arboreal species, Cedrela fissilis (Meliaceae, Rosid) and Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae, Asterid), growing in natural populations in the semi-deciduous Atlantic Rainforest. We periodically collected samples from the main stem at breast height (1.3 m), during both the dry and the wet seasons. Differences in the cells produced at these different seasons suggest that annual growth increments in the phloem are present in both species, marked by files of terminal narrow sieve-tube elements radially grouped in Cedrela fissilis, and in assemblages of narrow sieve tubes and axial parenchyma in Cytharexylum myrianthum, both appearing at the end of the wet season. In Cedrela fissilis, where fiber bands are present, each fiber band marks the end of the early phloem, acting as an indirect annual growth ring marker. Sieve-tube element longevity varied for both species from 4–26 months, a result similar to that obtained in temperate species.

scholarly journals Development of Neonectria punicea Pathogenic Symptoms in Juvenile Fraxinus excelsior Trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Karadžić ◽  
Zoran Stanivuković ◽  
Slobodan Milanović ◽  
Katarzyna Sikora ◽  
Zlatan Radulović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Pure Cultures

When monitoring the state of health of Fraxinus excelsior trees, unusual symptoms were discovered within a F. excelsior plantation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These symptoms included the appearance of necrosis and cankers in the basal parts of the trees, followed by the formation of fruiting bodies, however, none of these symptoms were found in the crowns. After sampling and isolation of the necrotic parts from the stem base, pathogen Neonectria punicea was isolated and identified from the characteristics of pure cultures, morphology of the fruiting bodies, and from multilocus sequencing. In field conditions, juvenile F. excelsior trees were inoculated with two N. punicea isolates obtained from the necrotic tissues of both juvenile F. excelsior and mature Fagus sylvatica trees. In both isolates, 12 months post inoculation, the lengths and widths of the necroses were significantly larger compared to the control. Necroses of significantly larger lengths, widths and surfaces were found again in both tested isolates 24 months post inoculation. In the case of the F. excelsior isolate, the lengths of the necroses at both the stem base and at breast height increased by 1.6 times, whereas the F. sylvatica isolate increased in size by up to 1.7 and 1.8 times, respectively. Trees inoculated without a previous bark wound showed no symptoms, similar to the control trees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging revealed that N. punicea hyphae penetrated from the cankers to the woody outermost annual growth ring and that hyphae were present mostly in the large earlywood vessels and rarely in the axial parenchyma cells. Hyphae also spread radially through the pits in vessels. The infected trees responded with the formation of tyloses in the vessels to prevent a rapid fungal spread through the axial vascular transport pathway. The ability of N. punicea to cause necroses in juvenile ash trees was demonstrated for the first time during this study. It poses a serious threat to planted forests and natural regenerations of F. excelsior especially if F. sylvatica is considered as a possible inoculum reservoir for future infections. This pathogen should be integrated within future ash resistance or breeding programs.

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