Relationship of the Mistletoe Phoradendron Macrophyllum (Viscaceae) to the Wood of its Host

IAWA Journal ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Calvin ◽  
Carol A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Tracheary Element ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Selective Uptake ◽  
The Past ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

The importance of direct tracheary element connections between mistletoes and their hosts is controversial. Direct connections have been reported for four genera within the Viscaceae. In the past such connections were considered essential for the movement of water and nutrients from host to parasite. In contrast, recent authors have suggested that the apoplastic continuum provided by the walls of contiguous host and parasite parenchyma cells is the main pathway for the transfer of water and nutrients, with direct connections playing at best a minor role in uptake. Our analysis of the parasite (Phoradendron)/host(Juglans) interface suggests otherwise. Parenchyma predominates at the interface for both host (71%) and parasite (95%). While direct tracheary element connections are less frequent than other types of connections, they occurred in all sinkers analyzed. Further, direct connections were much more abundant in host latewood (3.6%) than in earlywood (1.8%). This, and other evidence indicates that both pathways of transfer are important. We suggest that the apoplastic continuum provided by parasite parenchyma provides for selective uptake of nutrients, whereas direct connections provide for bulk flow between host and parasite.

scholarly journals Sun Protection and Sunburn in Children Aged 1–10 Years in Germany: Prevalence and Determinants

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Tatiana Görig ◽  
Corinna Södel ◽  
Annette B. Pfahlberg ◽  
Olaf Gefeller ◽  
Eckhard W. Breitbart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
The Past ◽  
A Minor

Seeking shade, the use of textile sun protection and sunscreen, and protecting one’s eyes by wearing sunglasses are recommended sun protection measures in children. We aimed to quantify the use of these measures as well as the prevalence of sunburn in children aged 1 to 10 years in Germany and to identify their determinants. Data collected via telephone interviews in a nationwide sample of 554 parents or caregivers in family were analyzed. Use of sunscreen was the most common measure applied (77.8%), while sunglasses were least frequently used (12.5%). The prevalence of sunburn during the past year was 21.8%, and it was positively associated with children’s age. The use of sun protection measures was significantly associated with the age and skin color of the child, while characteristics and tanning behaviors of the caregivers only played a minor role. The use of sun protection measures was higher when caregivers perceived themselves as a role model (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.33, p < 0.001). Our nationwide data show that there remains a need for the improved use of sun protection measures, especially in children aged 7 to 10 years. In educational material, parents should be encouraged to become positive role models for their children regarding sun protection.

Defense Acquisition, Public Administration, and Pragmatism

2019 ◽  
pp. 774-792
Author(s):  
Keith F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Defense Acquisition ◽  
Philosophical Pragmatism ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Theory ◽  
Acquisition Professionals

This chapter explores the relationship of U.S. defense management to public administration. It argues that public administration, as a field of study, plays a minor role in defense acquisition, because acquisition has unique characteristics that separate it from the mainstream of the field. The tenuous connections between acquisition and public administration have led to an issue of academic legitimacy in that the discipline has failed to respond to the needs of acquisition professionals. The chapter then presents a discussion and illustration of philosophical pragmatism as a potential contribution of administrative theory to acquisition practice, and it concludes with thoughts on the potential for acquisition to adopt pragmatism as a guiding way for thought and practice.

The origins of Canada’s feminist foreign policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Chapnick
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
International Community ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Canadian Foreign Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
A Minor

In January 2019, a leading Canadian foreign policy blog, OpenCanada.org, declared that “[u]nder the government of Justin Trudeau, Canada has embraced a feminist foreign policy—gradually at first, and with fervor over the past year.” Although critics have debated the policy’s effectiveness, the embrace, if not also the fervor, was indisputable. By 2019, the Trudeau government’s second foreign minister, Chrystia Freeland, was proclaiming Canada’s feminist approach to international relations openly and regularly. The international community had also noticed. This article investigates the origins of the new Canadian foreign policy “brand.” It finds that, contrary to popular thinking, the prime minister himself played at most a minor role in the initiation of what became a full-fledged transformation of Canada’s global image.

scholarly journals Ignitions explain more than temperature or precipitation in driving Santa Ana wind fires

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (30) ◽  
pp. eabh2262
Author(s):  
Jon E. Keeley ◽  
Janin Guzman-Morales ◽  
Alexander Gershunov ◽  
Alexandra D. Syphard ◽  
Daniel Cayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Santa Ana ◽  
Substantial Role ◽  
Area Burned ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antecedent Precipitation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Wind Intensity

Autumn and winter Santa Ana wind (SAW)–driven wildfires play a substantial role in area burned and societal losses in southern California. Temperature during the event and antecedent precipitation in the week or month prior play a minor role in determining area burned. Burning is dependent on wind intensity and number of human-ignited fires. Over 75% of all SAW events generate no fires; rather, fires during a SAW event are dependent on a fire being ignited. Models explained 40 to 50% of area burned, with number of ignitions being the strongest variable. One hundred percent of SAW fires were human caused, and in the past decade, powerline failures have been the dominant cause. Future fire losses can be reduced by greater emphasis on maintenance of utility lines and attention to planning urban growth in ways that reduce the potential for powerline ignitions.

scholarly journals Opponentindlæg: Verifying personal relationship to the past

1970 ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Sirkku Pihlman
Keyword(s):  
Personal Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Museum Professionals ◽  
Minor Significance ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Private Collections

When I read Elina Salminen’s doctoral thesis I found myself many times thinking, why she finds the relationship of the museums and the private collections called museums so very problematic. In cases examined by her, several museum professionals considered these private collections to be of a minor significance from the standpoint of the institutional museums. On the other hand, interviewed private collectors whose collections have been accepted in a professional museum collection did not deal the professional principles of e.g. the permanence of collections. This seems not to be a severe confrontation anyway. 

scholarly journals Le Corbusier’s Secret Geometry: Speculations on Regulating Lines Hidden in Ronchamp

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wood
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Approach ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Primary Relationships ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract: Despite the prominence of Ronchamp in the work of Le Corbusier we remain largely ignorant of the geometric approach the architect applied to determine the specific relationship of the building’s plan to its liturgical responsibilities. It is assumed that the Modulor was the principle proportional system used to determine the chapels plan. In this paper it is contented that the Modulor played a minor role in finding the principle geometric relationships, at least in plan. With reference to two formal explorations, the research presents two findings. Firstly, that in exploring primary relationships Le Corbusier was more likely to have made geometric reference to attributes of the extant site. A second part of this argument goes on to show that once the plan of Ronchamp was established it was used to provide geometric coordinates for other parts of the site development. Resumen: A pesar de la prominencia de Ronchamp, en la obra de Le Corbusier que permanecen gran parte ignorante del enfoque geométrico el arquitecto aplicó para determinar la relación específica del plan del edificio para sus responsabilidades litúrgicas. Se supone que el Modulor fue el sistema proporcional principio utilizado para determinar el plan capillas. En este trabajo se está contento de que el Modulor jugó un papel de menor importancia en la búsqueda de las relaciones geométricas principales, por lo menos en el plan. Con referencia a las dos exploraciones formales, la investigación presenta dos conclusiones. En primer lugar, que en la exploración de las relaciones primarias Le Corbusier era más probable que hayan hecho referencia geométrica a los atributos del sitio existente. Una segunda parte de este argumento pasa a mostrar que una vez que se estableció el plan de Ronchamp se utiliza para proporcionar coordenadas geométricas de otras partes del desarrollo del sitio  Keywords: Ronchamp; geometry; proportion. Palabras clave: Ronchamp; la geometría; proporción. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.926

What can the Fossil Record Tell Us About the Terminal Cretaceous Extinction Event and the Disappearance of the Dinosaurs?

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 487-501
Author(s):  
William J. Zinsmeister
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Community Media ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dinosaur Extinction ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Scientific Debates

During the past decade, the scientific community, media and general public have witnessed one of most fascinating scientific debates of the century concerning the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous that resulted in the demise of the dinosaurs. It is doubtful that, if dinosaurs had not been among the principal characters, the Terminal Cretaceous Extinction Event (TCEE) would have received such close attention. The fact that so much attention has been given to dinosaur extinction when in fact, they played only a minor role in the TCEE, has shifted the focus away from more fundamental unresolved questions concerning this profound biotic event 65 mya (million years ago).

Changes in Admiralty Chart Specification

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
G. A. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Panel ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Users of Admiralty charts will be familiar with the fact that the specifications which are followed in respect of content and design evolve continually; some of the changes are in response to suggestions put forward by users. It is intended, for example, to add the morse identification of racon signals on charts, following a suggestion by Trinity House. The Hydrographer is always anxious to encourage comments from sea and the Chart Users' Advisory Panel is dedicated to that end. Some changes result from new developments in the navigational field: the representation of vhf radio lighthouses, for example, is now being considered so that they may be charted by symbol when they emerge from their present on-test status to become fully operational. Other changes stem from office considerations, such as new cartographic techniques or the requirements of effective maintenance of the published charts. The more important of these changes are announced through Admiralty Notices to Mariners as corrections to the Symbols and Abbreviations booklet, 5011, a document indispensable to chart users since charts do not themselves carry a key to the symbols used; over 40000 copies of 5011 have gone into circulation in the past two years alone. Other innovations, less significant or self-evident, are not normally announced by Notices to Mariners in this way but implemented through office instructions to the cartographic staff of the Department. Recent examples have been the decisions to include notes giving the relationship of charted latitudes and longitudes to WGS-based positions, so that SatNav observations can be reliably plotted on charts; and, on a minor level, to add the label ‘o’ (zero) to the drying line at intervals in the same way that other depth contours on metric charts are labelled with their values, a step deemed to be useful in case copies of charts have to be printed without the superimposed colour tints.

Defense Acquisition, Public Administration, and Pragmatism

2017 ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Defense Acquisition ◽  
Philosophical Pragmatism ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Theory ◽  
Acquisition Professionals

This chapter explores the relationship of U.S. defense management to public administration. It argues that public administration, as a field of study, plays a minor role in defense acquisition, because acquisition has unique characteristics that separate it from the mainstream of the field. The tenuous connections between acquisition and public administration have led to an issue of academic legitimacy in that the discipline has failed to respond to the needs of acquisition professionals. The chapter then presents a discussion and illustration of philosophical pragmatism as a potential contribution of administrative theory to acquisition practice, and it concludes with thoughts on the potential for acquisition to adopt pragmatism as a guiding way for thought and practice.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

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