Wood Anatomy, Stem Anatomy, and Cambial Activity of Barbeuia (Caryophyllales)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Lateral Meristem

Liquid-preserved material of mature sterns of Barbeuia madagascariensis Steud. permiUed analysis of meristematic activities. The species has successive cambia, each producing secondary xylem and phloem; outside of these vascular strands is a nondiffuse lateral meristem, probably functionally a single cell in thickness, which produces radial files of secondary cortex to the outside and conjunctive tissue and vascular cambia to the inside. The secondary xylem of Barbeuia has dimorphism in vessel diameter, reminiscent of vessel dimorphism in other lianas, such as Agdestis. Diffuse parenchyma and tracheids, found in Barbeuia, also occur in Stegnosperma and Agdestis but not other Phytolaccaceae s.l., and are traditionally considered primitive features. Wood anatomy and lateral meristem activity of Barbeuia are distinctive enough to support segregation of the genus from Phytolaccaceae s. s.

Wood and Stem Anatomy of Stegnosperma (Caryophyllales); Phylogenetic Relationships; Nature of Lateral Meristems and Successive Cambial Activity

IAWA Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Lateral Meristem ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Inner Cortex ◽  
In Cells

Wood and bark histology data on stems of two species of Stegnospenna (Stegnospermataceae, or Phytolaccaceae s.l.) is presented, complementing previous accounts . Wood of Stegnosperma is relatively primitive within Caryophyllales because of presence of tracheids , diffuse parenchyma, and both multiseriate and uniseriate rays . The solitary nature of vessels is held to be correlated with tracheid presence , as in other groups of dicotyledons with vessels solitary or nearly so. Bark anatomy is newly reported for the genus . The method of section used permits analysis of divisions in cells with primary walls. Radial rows of parenchyma ('secondary cortex') develop in the inner cortex and are perpetuated by tangential divisions collectively termed a diffuse lateral meristem here. Successive cambia form within the radial rows of parenchyma. Despite diverse terminology and interpretations in literature on plants with successive cambia, the successive cambia and their origin in Stegnosperma are believed to represent the same anatomical phenomena as in other Phytolaccaceae s.l.

scholarly journals WOOD ANATOMY OF THE VANGUERIEAE (IXOROIDEAERUBIACEAE), WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOME GEOFRUTICES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Lens ◽  
Steven Jansen ◽  
Elmar Robbrecht ◽  
Erik Smets
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Vanguerieae is a tribe consisting of about 500 species ordered in 27 genera. Although this tribe is mainly represented in Africa and Madagascar, Vanguerieae also occur in tropical Asia, Australia, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean. This study gives a detailed wood anatomical description of 34 species of 15 genera based on LM and SEM observations. The secondary xylem is homogeneous throughout the tribe and fits well into the Ixoroideae s.l. on the basis of fibre-tracheids and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The Vanguerieae include numerous geofrutices that are characterised by massive woody branched or unbranched underground parts and slightly ramified unbranched aboveground twigs. The underground structures of geofrutices are not homologous; a central pith is found in three species (Fadogia schmitzii, Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and Tapiphyllum cinerascens var. laetum), while Fadogiella stigmatoloba shows central primary xylem which is characteristic of roots. Comparison of underground versus aboveground wood shows anatomical differences in vessel diameter and in the quantity of parenchyma and fibres.

FORMATION OF SUCCESSIVE CAMBIA IN THE MENISPERMUM TREE COCCULUS LAURIFOLIUS (MENISPERMACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Sangeeta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Successive cambia are often associated with the climbing or shrub habit, and is less common in trees. We studied formation of successive cambia and structure of secondary xylem in young stems of Cocculus laurifolius DC., a tree species of Menispermaceae. Cell division in the vascular cambium ceased in pencil-thick stems. Subsequently, parenchyma cells located outside the perivascular fibre cap re-differentiated and gave rise to several small segments of meristematic cells, of which the central cells divided repeatedly to initiate the first successive cambium which produces secondary xylem centripetally and phloem centrifugally. Cells located on the inner side of the newly initiated cambium differentiated into conjunctive tissue while cells on the outer side of it divided further and differentiated into sclereids. Xylem was diffuse porous and composed of vessels, fibre tracheids and ray parenchyma cells, and only differed in vessel diameter from wide-vessel climbing relatives.

Stem anatomy at various developmental stages of secondary growth in Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj M. Lekhak ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Shrirang R. Yadav ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Background – Population growth of lianas in the tropical forest is credited to their ability of CO2 sequestration and efficiency of the narrow stems to supply water required for the amount of foliage it bears. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae Juss.) is one of the fast-growing invasive species of scrambling woody lianas. It covers trees entirely within a short period to compete with above-ground resources (particularly sunlight). However, no information is available on how it manages to cope up with an increasing demand of water supply and mineral nutrients. What are the structural and developmental patterns adapted by this species to expand the stem diameter for efficient supply of below-ground resources? Therefore, our aim was to investigate the secondary growth patterns and structure of secondary xylem and phloem in T. corymbosa.Methods – Several samples of the stem with various diameters were studied using a histological method. Morphological and anatomical analyses were carried out using light microscopy.Key results – With the initiation of secondary growth, stems lose their circular outline rapidly due to unequal deposition of secondary xylem and formation of successive cambia. New successive cambia initiate from parenchymatous cells as small crescent-shaped fragments on asymmetric/opposite sides and result in a different stem conformation. Though several segments of successive cambia are formed, very few stem samples form complete cambium rings. The secondary xylem formed by successive cambia is diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of both wide and narrow (fibriform) vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In fully grown plants, cambial action (internal cambium) occurrs between the intraxylary phloem and protoxylem and produces secondary xylem and phloem near the pith region.Conclusion – Structural alterations and unequal deposition of conducting elements, occurrence of intraxylary phloem and flattening of the stem are suggested to facilitate rapid growth of the plants by providing required minerals and nutrients. Internal cambium formed at the periphery of the pith is bidirectional and produces secondary xylem externally and intraxylary phloem internally. Continued development of intraxylary phloem from the internal cambium provides an additional path for rapid and safe translocation of photosynthates.

Wood Anatomy of Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae s.l.)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Heklau ◽  
Peter Gasson ◽  
Fritz Schweingruber ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Extreme Habitats

The wood anatomy of the Chenopodiaceae is distinctive and fairly uniform. The secondary xylem is characterised by relatively narrow vessels (<100 μm) with mostly minute pits (<4 μm), and extremely narrow vessels (<10 μm intergrading with vascular tracheids in addition to “normal” vessels), short vessel elements (<270 μm), successive cambia, included phloem, thick-walled or very thick-walled fibres, which are short (<470 μm), and abundant calcium oxalate crystals. Rays are mainly observed in the tribes Atripliceae, Beteae, Camphorosmeae, Chenopodieae, Hablitzieae and Salsoleae, while many Chenopodiaceae are rayless. The Chenopodiaceae differ from the more tropical and subtropical Amaranthaceae s.str. especially in their shorter libriform fibres and narrower vessels. Contrary to the accepted view that the subfamily Polycnemoideae lacks anomalous thickening, we found irregular successive cambia and included phloem. They are limited to long-lived roots and stem borne roots of perennials (Nitrophila mohavensis) and to a hemicryptophyte (Polycnemum fontanesii). The Chenopodiaceae often grow in extreme habitats, and this is reflected by their wood anatomy. Among the annual species, halophytes have narrower vessels than xeric species of steppes and prairies, and than species of nitrophile ruderal sites.

scholarly journals Development of Intra- and Interxylary Secondary Phloem in Coccinia indica (Cucurbitaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya S. Patil ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Coccinia Indica

Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investigated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Secondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicollateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascular bundles), parenchyma cells encircling the phloem became meristematic forming a circular sheath of internal cambia. These internal cambia produce only intraxylary secondary phloem centripetally and do not produce any secondary xylem. In the stem, secondary xylem consisted mainly of axial parenchyma, small strands of thick-walled xylem derivatives, i.e. vessel elements and fibres embedded in parenchymatous ground mass, wide and tall rays along with exceptionally wide vessels characteristic of lianas. In thick stems, the axial parenchyma de-differentiated into meristem, which later re-differentiated into interxylary phloem. Fibre dimorphism and pseudo-vestured pits in the vessels are also reported.

Stem Anatomy and Development of Successive Cambia in the Neotropical Liana Securidaca Rivinifolia (Polygalaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Marina B. Fiamengui ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

The pattern of secondary growth and structure of secondary xylem was studied in the stem of the Neotropical liana Securidaca rivinifolia A. St.-Hil. (Polygalaceae). Increase in thickness of the stem was achieved by formation of successive cambia, from which initially two or three successive rings formed complete oval to circular cambia. Thereafter, the successive cambia were always crescent-shaped and never formed a complete cylinder, resulting in dumbbell-shaped cross-sectional outlines of the stems. The first successive cambium originated in the pericyclic parenchyma located outside the crushed protophloem. Prior to the development of cambium, pericyclic parenchyma formed a meristematic band of radially arranged cells. From this band, cells located in the middle of the band became the new ring of cambium. Cells on the inner face of the xylem produced by newly formed cambium differentiated into conjunctive tissue. The first elements to be differentiated from the newly developed cambium were always xylem fibres but differentiation of vessels was also observed occasionally. The xylem was diffuse porous with relatively distinct growth rings and composed of mostly solitary vessels with simple perforation plates, fibres with bordered pits, paratracheal axial parenchyma, and exclusively uniseriate rays.

Cambial Activity and Wood Anatomy in Prosopis Spicigera (Mimosaceae) Affected by Combined air Pollutants

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
K. S. Rao ◽  
Y. S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Lumen

Seasonal cambial activity and xylem anatomy were studied in Prosopis spicigera Linn. (Mimosaceae) growing under the influence of combined air pollutants. Cambial cell division and differentiation of secondary xylem began in April, reached a peak in July–August and ceased in October in trees (normal) growing in a relatively unpolluted locality. In contrast, in trees (affected) growing near a fertilizer complex, the initiation of cambial activity was delayed by one month and the cambium ceased to divide in September. Considerable variations were noticed in the structure and arrangement of xylem derivatives between affected and normal trees. The vessel lumen diameter was reduced and vessel frequency was significantly higher in the affected trees. Axial parenchyma was aliform to confluent in normal trees compared to mainly vasicentric parenchyma with heavy accumulation of tannin contents in affected trees. Cambial activity and xylem development did not show any correlation with the phenology of affected trees.

FEEDBACK OF WATER STRESS ON WOOD PROPERTIES OF TREES: EXPERIMENTS WITH MISTLETOES ON RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM SM.

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan P. Devkota ◽  
Gerhard Glatzel
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Rhododendron Arboreum ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Effects of infection by the mistletoe Scurrula elata (Edgew.) Danser, on wood properties of its common host Rhododendron arboreum Sm., were studied in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Central Nepal Himalaya. Heavy infection by mistletoes invariably causes decline of the host. Infested branches show inhibition of growth, defoliation and eventual death of branch parts distal to the site of infection. Anatomical properties of wood were compared in samples of branches proximal to the infection and in uninfected branches. The hypothesis that infection induces changes in basic wood anatomy could not be proven. Vessel density, vessel area, percentage lumen area and mean vessel diameter of the wood of infested and uninfected branches did not show any significant differences. The studied anatomical parameters were not correlated to the diameter of the host branch. These results show that infection by S. elata did not cause any changes in basic wood anatomy of its host R. arboreum. It appears that the studied anatomical parameters of Rhododendron wood are fairly stable and are not changed by stress due to infection by mistletoes. The damage to the host distal to the infected area most likely results from an insufficiency of total conductive area to supply both mistletoe and host. Unfortunately we could not determine annual conductive area increment, because R arboreum does not develop usable annual tree rings in the climate of the study area. Key words: Himalayas, mistletoe. Rhododendron arboreum, Scurrula elata, water stress, wood anatomy. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

Structure of the secondary xylem and development of a cambial variant in Serjania mexicana (Sapindaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Roger Moya
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Variants

Abstract The lianas in the family Sapindaceae are known for their unique secondary growth which differs from climbing species in other plant families in terms of their cambial variants. The present study deals with the stem anatomy of self-supporting and lianescent habit, development of phloem wedges, the ontogeny of cambial variants and structure of the secondary xylem in the stems of Serjania mexicana (L.) Willd. Thick stems (15–20 mm) were characterized by the presence of distinct phloem wedges and tangentially wide neo-formed cambial cylinders. As the stem diameter increases, there is a proportional increase in the number of phloem wedges and neo-formed vascular cylinders. The parenchymatous (pericyclic) cells external to phloem wedges that are located on the inner margin of the pericyclic fibres undergo dedifferentiation, become meristematic and form small segments of cambial cylinders. These cambia extend tangentially into wide and large segments of neoformations. Structurally, the secondary xylem and phloem of the neo-formed vascular cylinders remain similar to the derivatives produced by the regular vascular cambium. The secondary xylem is composed of vessels (wide and narrow), fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The occurrence of perforated ray cells is a common feature in both regular and variant xylem.

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