FEEDBACK OF WATER STRESS ON WOOD PROPERTIES OF TREES: EXPERIMENTS WITH MISTLETOES ON RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM SM.

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan P. Devkota ◽  
Gerhard Glatzel
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Rhododendron Arboreum ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Effects of infection by the mistletoe Scurrula elata (Edgew.) Danser, on wood properties of its common host Rhododendron arboreum Sm., were studied in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Central Nepal Himalaya. Heavy infection by mistletoes invariably causes decline of the host. Infested branches show inhibition of growth, defoliation and eventual death of branch parts distal to the site of infection. Anatomical properties of wood were compared in samples of branches proximal to the infection and in uninfected branches. The hypothesis that infection induces changes in basic wood anatomy could not be proven. Vessel density, vessel area, percentage lumen area and mean vessel diameter of the wood of infested and uninfected branches did not show any significant differences. The studied anatomical parameters were not correlated to the diameter of the host branch. These results show that infection by S. elata did not cause any changes in basic wood anatomy of its host R. arboreum. It appears that the studied anatomical parameters of Rhododendron wood are fairly stable and are not changed by stress due to infection by mistletoes. The damage to the host distal to the infected area most likely results from an insufficiency of total conductive area to supply both mistletoe and host. Unfortunately we could not determine annual conductive area increment, because R arboreum does not develop usable annual tree rings in the climate of the study area. Key words: Himalayas, mistletoe. Rhododendron arboreum, Scurrula elata, water stress, wood anatomy. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

scholarly journals Carbon stock estimation of Shree Rabutar Forest of Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Dolakha, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Karishma Gubhaju ◽  
Dipesh Raj Pant ◽  
Ramesh Prasad Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Pinus Roxburghii ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Rhododendron Arboreum ◽  
Alnus Nepalensis ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Stock Estimation

Forests store significant amount of atmospheric carbon in the form of above and below ground biomass and the amount of carbon stored in forests differs along spatial continuum which provides important information regarding forest quality. This study was carried out to estimate the carbon stock of Shree Rabutar Forest of Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Dolakha, Nepal. In total, 20 circular sampling plots with an area 250 m2 were randomly laid in the study area. Ten tree species were observed in the sampling plots laid in the forest. The higher values of density, frequency, abundance and basal area were observed for Rhododendron arboreum, Alnus nepalensis, Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana. On the basis of Important Value Index, the dominant tree in the forest was Alnus nepalensis followed by Rhododendron arboreum and Pinus roxburghii. Shannon Index of general diversity of trees in the forest was 0.74 with equal value of Evenness Index, whereas the index of dominance was low (0.22) in the forest. Mean biomass of the forest was 464.01±66.71 tonha-1 contributed by above ground tree biomass (384.44 tonha-1), leaf litter, herbs and grasses biomass (2.69±0.196 tonha-1) and below ground tree biomass (76.88±11.13 tonha-1). Mean carbon stock was 262.77±30.79 tonha-1 including soil carbon stock 44.69±2.25 tonha-1. Individuals of trees with 20-30 cm DBH class were observed in maximum number, which shows that the forest has high potential to sequester carbon over time. Carbon stock estimation and forest management can be one of the potential strategies for climate change mitigation especially through carbon dioxide absorption by the forests.

Between- and Within-Tree Variation in the Anatomy and Specific Gravity of Wood in Oregon White Oak (Quercus Garryana Dougl.)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Lei ◽  
Michael R. Milota ◽  
Barbara L. Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Quercus Garryana ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Earlywood Vessel ◽  
Oregon White Oak

In order to analyze the variation in wood properties within and between trees of an underutilized tree species, we sampled six Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.) trees from an 80-year old mixed stand of Q. garryana and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the Coast Range of Western Oregon, USA. Fibre length, earlywood vessel diameter, tissue proportions, and specific gravity were measured on samples across the diameter at two heights. Trees had a slight lean (2-12°), so we sampled separately both radii of a diametric strip that ran from the lower to upper side of lean.

scholarly journals The Piedra Chamana fossil woods and leaves: a record of the vegetation and palaeoenvironment of the Neotropics during the late middle Eocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1089
Author(s):  
Deborah W Woodcock ◽  
Herbert W Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Lowland Tropical Forest ◽  
Modern Analogue ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Abstract Background and Aims The Piedra Chamana fossil forest in northern Peru is an assemblage of angiosperm woods and leaves preserved in volcaniclastic rocks dated to 39 Mya (late Middle Eocene). We analysed the anatomical and morphological features of the fossils to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment during this time of global warmth, taking advantage of the co-occurrence of woods and leaves to compare different proxies and analytical approaches. Methods Wood characters analysed include vessel-related functional traits, traits linked to Baileyan trends, and quantitative features such as vessel diameter and density. Diameter-distribution and diameter and position plots are used to represent vessel diameter and arrangement. Leaf margin and area analysis provides additional climate estimates. Key Results The fossil woods show many similarities with modern tropical-forest woods and tropical fossil-wood assemblages; closest correspondence within the Neotropics is to semi-deciduous lowland tropical forest with moderate precipitation (~1000–1200 mm). Features unusual for the modern South American tropics are mainly vessel-related characters (semi-ring porosity, grouped vessels, helical vessel thickenings, short vessel elements) linked to water stress or seasonal water availability. Leaf analysis indicates mean annual temperature of 31 °C (n = 19, 100 % entire-margined) and mean annual precipitation of 1290 mm (n = 22, predominantly microphylls and notophylls). Conclusions The palaeovegetation was clearly lowland tropical forest with a dry aspect, but anomalous aspects of the wood anatomy are consistent with the high temperatures indicated by the leaves and are probably explained by differences in seasonality and water stress compared to the present-day Neotropics. A close modern analogue may be in very seasonal regions of Asia. Pronounced monsoonal (summer-rain) conditions may relate to a location (palaeolatitude of 13°S) outside the near-equatorial tropics.

scholarly journals WOOD ANATOMY OF THE VANGUERIEAE (IXOROIDEAERUBIACEAE), WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOME GEOFRUTICES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Lens ◽  
Steven Jansen ◽  
Elmar Robbrecht ◽  
Erik Smets
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Vanguerieae is a tribe consisting of about 500 species ordered in 27 genera. Although this tribe is mainly represented in Africa and Madagascar, Vanguerieae also occur in tropical Asia, Australia, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean. This study gives a detailed wood anatomical description of 34 species of 15 genera based on LM and SEM observations. The secondary xylem is homogeneous throughout the tribe and fits well into the Ixoroideae s.l. on the basis of fibre-tracheids and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The Vanguerieae include numerous geofrutices that are characterised by massive woody branched or unbranched underground parts and slightly ramified unbranched aboveground twigs. The underground structures of geofrutices are not homologous; a central pith is found in three species (Fadogia schmitzii, Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and Tapiphyllum cinerascens var. laetum), while Fadogiella stigmatoloba shows central primary xylem which is characteristic of roots. Comparison of underground versus aboveground wood shows anatomical differences in vessel diameter and in the quantity of parenchyma and fibres.

The potentials and limitations of dicotyledonous wood anatomy for climatic reconstructions

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Fossil Wood ◽  
Phylogenetic Significance ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Conflicting Information

The incidences of selected features of dicotyledonous wood that are believed to be of ecologic and/or phylogenetic significance (distinct growth rings, narrow and wide vessel diameter, high and low vessel frequencies, scalariform perforations, tangential vessel arrangement, ring porosity, and helical wall thickenings) were plotted through time (Cretaceous–Recent). There are marked differences between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in the frequency of all wood anatomical features. Incidences of features that are associated with markedly seasonal climates in extant floras do not approach modern levels until the Neogene. Correlations of wood anatomical features with ecology do not appear to have been constant through time, because in the Cretaceous different features provide conflicting information about the climate. Throughout the Tertiary the southern hemisphere/tropical and the northern hemisphere/temperate regions differed in the incidences of ecologically significant features and these differences are similar to those in the Recent flora. Possibilities for reliably using dicotyledonous wood for climatic reconstructions appear restricted to the Tertiary and Quaternary. However, at present the fossil wood record for most epochs and regions is too limited to permit detailed reconstructions of their past climate.

scholarly journals Anatomía comparada del leño de Maytenus en el Noroeste de Argentina (Sudamérica)

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Giménez ◽  
Juana Graciela Moglia ◽  
M. E. Figueroa ◽  
J. A. Díaz-Zírpolo ◽  
Federico Calatayu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Comparative wood anatomy of Maytenus in Northwestern Argentina (South America)This paper is a comparative wood anatomy study of four species of the genus Maytenus living in Northwest Argentina: Maytenus vitisidaea, M. viscifolia, M. spinosa and M. cuezzoi. The specimens were collected in Santiago del Estero and Salta, Argentina and wood samples are safeguarded in the collection of the LAM (Laboratory of Wood Anatomy), Faculty of Forestry of Santiago del Estero University (UNSE), Argentina. The terminology used followed the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification. The diagnostic features of wood anatomical characters were evaluated by employing statistical methods such as Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA showed vessel diameter, fibre wall, and ray width to be significant variables. CA showed M. cuezzoi and M. viscifolia to have the highest affinity.Anatomía comparada del leño de Maytenus en el Noroeste de Argentina (Sudamérica)El presente trabajo es un estudio de anatomía comparada de madera de cuatro especies del género Maytenus del Noroeste Argentino:Maytenus vitis-idaea, M. viscifolia, M. spinosa y M. cuezzoi. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en Santiago del Estero y Salta, Argentinay se salvaguardan en la colección del LAM (Laboratorio de Anatomía de Madera), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad deSantiago del Estero (UNSE), Argentina. Se empleó la terminología de IAWA (Lista de caracteres anatómicos del xilema de angiospermas).Los caracteres anatómicos de madera fueron evaluados mediante métodos estadísticos tales como análisis de conglomerados (AC) y elAnálisis de Componentes Principales (PCA). El PCA mostró como variables significativas el diámetro de vasos, el espesor de pared de lasfibras y el ancho de radios. El CA mostró que M. cuezzoi y M. viscifolia tienen alta afinidad específica.

scholarly journals Anatomical comparison of branches and trunks of seven commercial wood species

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012071
Author(s):  
R G H Rahmanto ◽  
R Damayanti ◽  
D A Agustiningrum ◽  
C Oktapiani ◽  
E R Satiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
International Association ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Effective Use

Abstract Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country that grows about 4000 timber producer tree species in tropical rain forest. The comprehensive information of wood properties and quality is important in managing the natural resources sustainably. However, stem in basic properties studies of wood from the natural forest is limited because of some difficulties in harvesting until the transportation process. Hence, study the wood branches becomes a solution, as sometimes wood core samples are not adequate. The question was whether the branch properties could represent the main stem properties? Wood anatomy is an important wood property that can predict the other properties, for instance, the physical and mechanical properties, that determine the effective use of this material. This paper aims to present the comparison of wood anatomical properties of branches and main stem of seven commercial wood species. Quantitative and qualitative anatomical structures were investigated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomist (IAWA) Committee. Result shows that the quantitative wood anatomy of four samples (Mimba, Leda, Jabon, and Bintangur) was statistically different, while only one parameter in Tusam, Mindi, and Khaya was different. Accordingly, it can be concluded that studying the wood properties could be carried out using branch effectively.

scholarly journals Contestation and Citizen-Led Negotiation Around the Establishment of Protected Areas in Nepal Himalaya

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naya S Paudel ◽  
Sudeep Jana ◽  
Bhola Khatiwada
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Popular Discourse ◽  
Critical Engagement ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Community Based Conservation ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Community Forest User Groups

This paper examines and uncovers the politics and debate emanating from and embedded in the contestations and negotiations around the establishment of protected areas (PAs) in Nepal. We take an example of one of the newly declared PAs – Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA)—and traverse through the politics and debate over its establishment. This paper is based on the ethnographic encounters and accounts of everyday dynamics, popular discourse and deliberations since the government’s declaration of GCA in central Nepal. It is driven by a political ecology approach to analyse state – community contestation around nature conservation. We argue that vigorous social campaign at different levels primarily led by Federation of Community Forest User Groups Nepal (FECOFUN) has been able to bring the state and powerful conservation actors on the negotiation table by contesting the hegemony of conservation and rhetoric of community based conservation. The contours of FECOFUN’s campaign around GCA suggest how the nature of contestation and conflict has evolved from a mere resistance and protests towards critical engagement and negotiation with the state conservation actors leading to a democratic governance of GCA. We suggest that concurrent adoption of constant struggle and critical engagement can produce negotiated arrangement of PA governance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8600 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.10(1) 2012 42-57

scholarly journals Plant density and life history traits of Aconitum spicatum in North-central Nepal: effects of elevation and anthropogenic disturbances

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7574
Author(s):  
Deep J. Chapagain ◽  
Henrik Meilby ◽  
Suresh K. Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Nepal

Increasing cross-border trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has put heavy pressure on a considerable number of species in the Himalayas. One of the threatened species in Nepal is Aconitum spicatum. Unfortunately for this species and for many others, our knowledge on population ecology and performance across the distribution range is insufficient, hindering the formulation of species-specific management plans. We therefore studied density and population structure of A. spicatum and assessed variation in its life history traits among three populations (subalpine, lower alpine and alpine) along an elevation gradient (3,000–4,200 m a.s.l.) in Annapurna Conservation Area, north-central Nepal. The results show that human disturbances and topographic factors contributed to the variation in density and life history traits. The overall density ranged between 0.56 ± 0.09 (Mean ± SE) and 2.48 ±  0.24 plants/m2 with highest mean density in the lower alpine and lowest in the subalpine population. The subalpine population was also characterized by lower investment in reproductive structures with lowest seed mass and low seed viability and fecundity. Among the environmental variables tested, harvesting, animal droppings and fire appeared to be the most important factors affecting density of different life stages of A. spicatum. The prevailing harvesting pattern is destructive as it involves uprooting of the whole plant and this appears to be a main reason for low recruitment and reduced density of the subalpine population. The level of disturbance decreased with increasing elevation. In terms of reproductive effort, the alpine population performed best. Our results indicate that the viability of A. spicatum populations depends on controlling over-harvesting and pre-mature harvesting of tubers and protecting younger life stages from grazing, trampling and fire. We therefore recommend that when formulating management guidelines, measures aiming to mitigate such anthropogenic disturbances should be considered.

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