Microanalytical techniques for phenotyping secondary xylem

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-389
Author(s):  
Nadeeshani Karannagoda ◽  
Antanas Spokevicius ◽  
Steven Hussey ◽  
Gerd Bossinger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Secondary Tissue ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract The products of secondary xylem are of significant biological and commercial importance, and as a result, the biology of secondary growth and how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence this process have been the subject of intense investigation. Studies into secondary xylem range in scale from the cellular to the forest stand level, with phenotypic analyses often involving the assessment of traits relating to cell morphology and cell wall chemical composition. While numerous techniques are currently available for phenotypic analyses of samples containing abundant amounts of secondary tissue, only a few of them (microanalytical techniques) are suitable when working with limiting amounts of secondary tissue or where a fine-scale resolution of morphological features or cell wall chemical composition is required. While polarised light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy and X-ray scattering and micro-tomography techniques serve as the most frequently used microanalytical techniques in morphotyping, techniques such as scanning ultraviolet microspectrophotometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry serve as the most commonly used microanalytical techniques in chemotyping. Light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy serve as dual micro morphotyping and chemotyping techniques. In this review, we summarise and discuss these techniques in the light of their applicability as microanalytical techniques to study secondary xylem.

Phase Investigations of Copper Based CuZn38Al2MnFe Alloy

2006 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 537-540
Author(s):  
Marek Szkodo ◽  
M. Głowacka ◽  
M. Smajdor ◽  
Henryk Bugłacki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the work phase investigations of special brass CuZn38Al2MnFe alloy are presented. The microstructure, chemical composition and phase identification of the investigated alloy were examined using scanning electron microscopy (Philips 30/ESEM), light microscopy Leica coupled with PC computer with installed MultiScan program, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), respectively. The investigation of volume fraction existing phases was carried out using image analysis. It was found in the test bend that presence of Fe4Mn77Si19 phase in microstructure caused an increase of brittleness of the tested alloy.

scholarly journals Investigation of Spin Coating Cerium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Thin Films with Antifungal Properties

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Simona Liliana Iconaru ◽  
Mihai Valentin Predoi ◽  
Patrick Chapon ◽  
Sofia Gaiaschi ◽  
Krzysztof Rokosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Antifungal Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the cerium-doped hydroxyapatite (Ca10−xCex(PO4)6(OH)2 with xCe = 0.1, 10Ce-HAp) coatings obtained by the spin coating method were presented for the first time. The stability of the 10Ce-HAp suspension particles used in the preparation of coatings was evaluated by ultrasonic studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface morphology of the 10Ce-HAp coating was studied by SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The obtained 10Ce-HAp coatings were uniform and without cracks or unevenness. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for the investigation of fine chemical depth profiling. The antifungal properties of the HAp and 10Ce-HAp suspensions and coatings were assessed using Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) fungal strain. The quantitative antifungal assays demonstrated that both 10Ce-HAp suspensions and coatings exhibited strong antifungal properties and that they successfully inhibited the development and adherence of C. albicans fungal cells for all the tested time intervals. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) visualization of the C. albicans fungal cells adherence to the 10Ce-HAp surface also demonstrated their strong inhibitory effects. In addition, the qualitative assays also suggested that the 10Ce-HAp coatings successfully stopped the biofilm formation.

Detection of Intermetallic Compounds in a Mg-5Al-3Ca-0.7Sr-0.2Mn Magnesium Alloy

2013 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rzychoń ◽  
Janusz Szala ◽  
Tomasz Kukiełka
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper the results of microstructural investigations and methodology of detection of intermetallic compounds were reported. The microstructural investigations included the light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, chemical microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the microstructure of Mg-5Al-3Ca-0.7Sr-0.2Mn alloy consists of α-Mg, (Mg,Al)2Ca, Al3Mg13(Sr,Ca), Mg2Ca and Al2Ca intermetallic phases. The correct detection of these phases requires the high magnifications and a large number of measurements fields.

scholarly journals Intraocular Lens Opacification following Intracameral Injection of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator to Treat Inflammatory Membranes after Cataract Surgery

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. M. Fung ◽  
Evripidis Sykakis ◽  
Niaz M. Islam ◽  
Hadi J. Zambarakji ◽  
Ramin Khoramnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen ◽  
Scanning Electron

Purpose. To report 7 cases of intraocular lens (IOL) opacification following treatment of postoperative anterior chamber fibrin with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) after cataract surgery. Methods. Retrospective case series of 7 eyes in 7 patients who developed IOL opacification after receiving rtPA for anterior chamber inflammatory membrane formation resulting from phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Three explanted IOLs were investigated with light microscopy, histochemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Results. All patients underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery and posterior chamber hydrophilic IOL implantation. Anterior chamber inflammatory membranes developed between 1 and 4 weeks of surgery and were treated with intracameral rtPA. IOL opacification was noted between 4 weeks and 6 years after rtPA treatment with reduced visual acuity, and IOL exchange was carried out in 3 patients. Light microscopy evaluation revealed diffuse fine granular deposits on the anterior surface/subsurface of IOL optic that stained positive for calcium salts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) confirmed the presence of calcium and phosphate on the IOL. Conclusions. Intracameral rtPA, though rapidly effective in the treatment of anterior chamber inflammatory membranes following cataract surgery, may be associated with IOL opacification.

scholarly journals Understanding the Mechanism of Arsenic Mobilisation and Behaviour in Tailings Dams

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
B. Koomson ◽  
E. K. Asiam ◽  
W. Skinner ◽  
J. Addai-Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tailings Dams ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Scanning Electron

This study was carried out on leaching of tailings at 30 ᵒC and 40 ᵒC. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the tailings material were determined by Quantitative X-Ray Diffractometry (QXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX). The study revealed that the tailings contain sulphides (arsenopyrite and pyrite) which can leach to produce arsenic (As) and other ions in solution. The acid released during leaching depends on the temperature of leaching. More acid was produced at higher temperature (40 ᵒC) than lower temperature (30 ᵒC). It was established that arsenic precipitation from solution was higher at higher temperature (40 ᵒC) than lower temperature (30 ᵒC). Mimicking the study in a typical tailings environment, it could be proposed that As mobilisation will be enhanced at lower temperature (30 ᵒC) than at higher temperature (40 ᵒC). Keywords: Tailings, Leaching, Arsenopyrite, Heavy metals and Temperature

scholarly journals Analysis of working surface in new manual and rotary endodontic instruments (scanning electron microscopy)

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 398-403
Author(s):  
Milica Jovanovic-Medojevic ◽  
Martina Pelemis ◽  
Jelena Neskovic ◽  
Marijana Popovic-Bajic ◽  
Djordje Stratimirovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Common Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Working Surface ◽  
Surface Metal ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Common Defect

Introduction/Objective. The objective of this study is to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze working surfaces of new manual and rotary endodontic instruments and to check possible existence of manufacture dirt particles or defects on the working surface. Methods. In this study, we used three sets of new manual instruments: K-File, KF (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland) and Hedstorm Files, HF (SybronEndo Co, USA) and three sets of mechanical Ni-Ti instruments ? type K3 (SybronEndo Co, USA) and BioRaCe (FKG DENTAIRE Swiss Dental Products, Switzerland). The instruments were analyzed using SEM method at 170 ? magnification while semi-quantitative energy dispersive x-ray analysis was used to determine chemical composition of dirt particles. Fisher test (p < 0.05) was applied in statistical analysis. Results. Results showed that none of the instruments were defect-free. The most common defect type was the presence of metal strips, which were noticed at the surface of all tested instruments. Debris was present on all manual and only one type of mechanical instruments, K3 (39% in the apical and 33% in the middle third). Fretting was noticed in all manual KF and all mechanical instruments of the K3 group. Pitting was common in all manual instruments, KF (33% in the apical and 39% in the middle third) and HF (11% in the apical and 6% in the middle third). Corrosion of the working surface, metal flash, and disruption of the cutting edge were marked only in the KF group. Conclusion. Manufacture defects were noticed in all instruments and the most common type of irregularity were metal strips. Electropolished surface of BioRaCe instruments showed no debris of organic origin.

scholarly journals Comparison of chemical composition of packable resin composites by scanning electron microscopy

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Amélia Bianchi e Silva ◽  
Elaine Bauer Veeck ◽  
José Pedro Peixoto de Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Henrique Couto Souza
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Resin Composites ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

OBJECTIVES: the purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition of four different shades (incisal/extra-light, A2, A3 and B3) of two packable resin composites (SOLITAIRE®, and PRODIGY CONDENSABLE TM). METHODS AND MATERIALS: the specimens measured 4mm in diameter and 4mm in thickness. Five specimens were made for each shade of the materials. They were light cured for 40 seconds at a power of 600mW/cm². Subsequently, the specimens were removed from the plates and ground to powder and then pressed into holes measuring 4mm in diameter in a Teflon matrix, using the plates of the same material as base and cover. Specimens were evaluated under SEM with an x-ray detector for the spectroscopic test by energy dispersing. RESULTS: the chemical components found in both materials were practically the same, but in different proportions. Carbon, Oxygen, Aluminum, Silica, Fluoride and Barium were found. CONCLUSIONS: the chemical composition of each same material varied according to each shade analyzed.

MICROSTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SUPERCONDUCTING 3EuBa2Cu3Oy:AgO AND 3GdBa2Cu3Oy:AgO COMPOSITES

1989 ◽  
Vol 03 (11) ◽  
pp. 877-885
Author(s):  
C.Y. HUANG ◽  
H.H. TAI ◽  
M.K. WU
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Silver Particle ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Grain Formation ◽  
Microstructural Studies ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy have shown that the addition of AgO to the E uBa 2 Cu 3 O y and GdBa 2 Cu 3 O y systems results in the growth of very large grains. Distribution of silver particle appears to influence the grain formation and growth in the superconducting composites.

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