For the Question of the Semantic Theories of Antroponyms

The article presents and analyzes the semantic theories and the history of the study of anthroponyms, the syntactic characteristics of anthroponyms, issues related to the semantics of anthroponyms, as well as the features of the primary and secondary use of anthroponyms with a definite and indefinite article. As far as the tradition of research is concerned, linguistic considerations and concepts developed in the form of theories are especially important in this regard. In particular, the theory of names, the descriptive theory of anthroponyms, and the metallinguistic theory of anthroponyms. The subject of their research is the lexical and descriptive meaning of anthroponyms, the main reference, dependence on the context, information and cognitive content, convention (mutual agreement) of the participants in the communicative act.

Book Reviews

William Branch of University of California, Irvine reviews “The Behavioral Economics of Inflation Expectations: Macroeconomics Meets Psychology” by Tobias F. Rötheli. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Considers the recent resurgence of interest in extrapolation as a descriptive theory of expectations, outlining a theory of pattern-based extrapolations rooted in cognitive psychology and empirical observation.”

Jeremy is a... Expressive-relativism and expressives in predicative positions

Expressives are words that convey speakers’ attitudes towards a particular object or situation. Consider two examples: Attributive: That f**khead Jeremy forgot the turkey. Predicative: Jeremy is a f**khead. In both examples the word f**khead communicates some expressive content - the negative attitude of the speaker. However, only in Predicative does it appear to contribute to the truth-conditional content. The task is to explain the semantics of the word f**khead when it seemingly behaves wildly differently in different syntactic positions. In this paper I consider several good candidates for dealing with f**khead occurring in Predicative position: Expressivist and Descriptive approaches that treat f**khead in Predicative as purely descriptive; and Expressive-Contextualism that treats Predicative as communicating to both expressive and descriptive dimensions. I show that none of the options fully capture the meaning of f**khead. Treating Predicative as purely descriptive leaves out the highly important expressive element, whilst Contextualist semantics does not seem as a suitable descriptive theory for expressives. I finally present a novel hybrid account that combines Expressivist semantics with Relativism. I call this view Expressive-Relativism. I show that by adopting Expressive-Relativism we can not only explain the relationship of f**khead in Attributive and Predicative, but also give a suitable descriptive theory that captures the truth-conditions of Predicative.

Conceptual metaphor as a linguomental tool of reality knowledge: identification problem

The article investigates conceptual metaphor as a linguo-instrumental tool by which a person is able to know, evaluate and transform the world. The history of metaphor study has been considered in detail, from its complete denial to understanding as a mechanism of objective reality cognition, and it has been found that most approaches to the interpretation of metaphor were demonstrated in the twentieth century. In particular, it has been considered as a means of forming concepts, and as a semantic-two-dimensional, clearly connoted unit, and as a figurative structure of language, as a marker of idiosyncrasy, and as an object of linguistic and cultural research etc. The twentieth century witnessed the emergence of new scientific linguistic directions, which laid the foundations for understanding the conceptual metaphor associated with understanding the processes of transformation of mental categories into the language during cognition of the world, interpretation of metaphorical meaning, mechanisms of metaphorical renaming and suggestion, and manipulative potential of metaphor, etc. Within different scientific approaches a metaphor is considered as a mental phenomenon, an important way of creating concepts in the language world, which contributed to the emergence of new theories of cognitive study of metaphors as descriptive theory blends, metaphorical modelling, cognitive-onomastic analysis, etc. Further study of the conceptual metaphor, primarily on specific textual material, will reveal the cognitive-linguistic mechanisms of a person, taking into account national specifics, to identify the deep links between the language of the people and its intellectual heritage.

LT - contradiction matrix

Altschuller's Contradiction Matrix and Bartini-Kuznetsov's LT - Table represent two different tools for solving inventive problems based on the same dialectical principle. It starts from the premise that there are contradictions at the root of every problem. Although both tools are designed to make it easier to come up with the Ideal Final Solution (IFS), in practice they often come up with optimal rather than ideal solutions. One of the reasons for this phenomenon can be attributed to the subjectivity of the innovator arising from the logical-descriptive Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TIPS / rus. TRIZ). The second reason is related to the existence of unidentified laws of nature shown in the LT table of physical quantities. The integration of these two tools yields an effective LT contradiction matrix as a new inventology tool, which does not have the disadvantages of the individual tools from which it arose.

Behavioral Decision Theory

Behavioral decision theory is a descriptive psychological theory of human judgment, decision making, and behavior that can be applied to political science. Behavioral decision theory is closely related to behavioral economics and behavioral finance. Behavioral economics is an attempt to understand actual human economic behavior, and behavioral finance studies human behavior in financial markets. Research on people’s decision making represents an important part of these fields, in which various aspects overlap with the scope of behavioral decision theory. Behavioral decision theory focuses on the decision-making phenomena that are broadly divisible into those under certainty, those under risk, and others under uncertainty that includes ambiguity and ignorance. What are the theoretical frameworks that could be used to explain the decision-making phenomenon? Although numerous theories related to decision making have been developed, they are, in essence, often broadly divided into two types: normative theory and descriptive theory. The former is intended to support rational decision making. The latter describes how people actually make decisions. Both normative and descriptive theories reflect the nature of actual human decision making to a degree. Even descriptive theory seeks a certain level of rationality in actual human decision making. Consequently, the two are mutually indistinguishable. Nonetheless, a major example of normative theory is regarded as the system of utility theory that is widely used in economics. A salient example of descriptive theory is behavioral decision theory. Utility theory has numerous variations, such as linear and nonlinear utility theories. Most theories have established axioms and mathematically developed principles. In contrast, behavioral decision theory covers a considerably wide range of variations of theoretical expressions, including theories that have been developed mathematically (such as prospect theory) and those expressed only with natural language (such as multiattribute decision-making process models). Behavioral decision theory has integrated the implications of the normative theory, descriptive theory, and prescriptive theory that help people to make better decisions.

Referring to Chemical Elements and Compounds

How do we refer to chemical substances, and in particular to chemical elements? This question relates to many philosophical questions, including whether or not theories are incommensurable, the extent to which past theories are later discarded, and issues about scientific realism. This chapter considers the first explicit reference to types of colorless air in late-eighteenth-century chemical practice. Reference to a gas by one chemist was generally intended to give others epistemological, methodological, and practical access to the gas. This chapter proposes a causal-descriptive theory of reference for chemical substances. Implications for debates about incommensurability and realism are also briefly noted.

Testing the Generalizability of the Event Process Model of Family Violence With an Incarcerated Sample

The event process model of family violence (FVEPM) presents a descriptive theory of a family violence (FV) event from the perpetrator’s perspective. Developed in a community setting, the FVEPM is comprised of four interrelated sections and describes three pathways to FV perpetration (Pathway 1: Conflict escalation, Pathway 2: Automated violence, and Pathway 3: Compliance). This study further developed the FVEPM by testing the generalizability of the model and its pathways with an incarcerated sample of eight men with extensive histories of violent and other offending. Event narratives were gathered during individual semi-structured interviews, and were systematically analyzed using grounded theory methods. Overall, findings suggest that the FVEPM and its pathways can accommodate an incarcerated sample. However, several inconsistencies were found: Event narratives were better represented by splitting Pathway 1 into two sub-types, and no event narratives were assigned to Pathway 3. Implications for FV theories and treatment are discussed.

Seloko Sebagai Media Komunikasi Dakwah Masyarakat Desa Limbur Merangin Kecamatan Pamenang Barat Kabupaten Merangin

This research is motivated by the reality that occurs in society, namely between people in rural areas who are still implementing seloko, on the contrary in urban areas seloko has begun to fade so that both its existence and value that should be embedded in the identity of the community actually happens the other way around. The research approach that the author uses is a qualitative approach with a descriptive type of research. Research with descriptive theory is a systematic description of the theory and research results that are relevant to the variables to be studied. To obtain accurate and relevant data with the object of research, the authors apply three methods of data collection, namely, field observations, interviews, and documentation. The results obtained by the author are first, da'wah communication using seloko is considered effective because it can make the communicants become interested and feel comfortable, besides that it also makes the substance of the information conveyed more easily understood by the communicants. Second, da'wah communication with seloko is also useful, because the content of seloko itself contains expressions that include rules for behavior in the daily life of the people and legal rules or norms, which are always obeyed and respected by the community because they have sanctions. Applying the substance of the seloko means applying the customs that apply in their respective regions.