The Road to San Fernando: Theoretical Frameworks as to Forced Migration and Forced Displacement within the Context of Global Justice and Human Rights

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Navid Yousaf

This article situates forced migration amid intersections of burgeoning human insecurities that force increasing numbers of people to leave their homes and become susceptible to exploitation. Drawing upon data on trafficking in Pakistan, the author argues that marginalized groups often go through multiple migrations that can include episodes of trafficking for sex, labor, or other purposes. The disjuncture between policies and realities on the ground, and the trend of current interventions do little to address the human security of these migrants. The article emphasizes that the human security frame provides a more nuanced human rights-based approach to analyze this form of migration and address the root causes and risks associated with the forced displacement of people.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Ruth Elizabeth Prado Pérez

Introducción: En 2014, la llegada a Estados Unidos de decenas de miles de menores no acompañados (en adelante, MeNAS) desde de El Salvador, Honduras y Guatemala reveló una crisis humanitaria de grandes proporciones resultado de la violencia de los cárteles de las drogas, las pandillas, y en la que también participan agentes del Estado. Este artículo analiza el flujo de menores no acompañados centroamericanos como una crisis humanitaria prolongada y silenciosa que los países involucrados parecen no reconocer. Ante la sólida evidencia que apunta a la violencia como factor clave del desplamiento forzado de miles de MeNAS, se examina como han respondido México y Estados Unidos.Método: La metodología está basada en una revisión de las encuestas aplicadas a menores para identificar las razones por las que dejan sus países (ACNUR, 2014; Human Rights Watch, 2016; Jones & Podkul, 2012; Kennedy, 2014); se revisan también estudios sobre la violencia en la región, en particular el índice de homicidios violentos. Se analiza la relación entre violencia y migración forzada de menores no acompañados que estarían en condición de recibir protección, examinanando la brecha existente entre los instrumentos jurídicos en torno al refugio y las políticas con las México y Estados Unidos han respondido a su llegada.Resultados: La situación de violencia generalizada en los países del Triángulo Norte Centroaméricano (TNCA) exhibe las características de una emergencia humanitaria cuya dimensión migratoria está vinculada al desplazamiento forzado de menores no acompañados. Dicha emergencia no ha sido reconocida por los países involucrados, lo que entre otras cosas tiene como consecuencia que los menores que huyen de la violencia no sean atendidos con medidas congruentes con el régimen internacional de protección a refugiados.Discusión o Conclusión: México y Estados Unidos han enfrentado la crisis de menores no acompañados centroamericanos con una serie de medidas que, lejos de atender su dimensión humanitaria, han resultado en la deportación masiva de muchos menores que serían elegibles para recibir asilo y que al retonar a su país corren riesgos que amenazan su vida. Así, el régimen de protección internacional a refugiados no está siendo adecuadamente aplicado adecuadamente. Introduction: In 2014, the arrival in the United States of tens of thousands of unaccompanied minors (UAM) from of El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala revealed a major humanitarian crisis resulting from the violence of drug cartels, gangs, and which also involved state agents. This paper analyzes the flow of UAM as a long and silent humanitarian crisis that the countries involved do not seem to recognize. Given the strong evidence pointing to violence as a key factor forced displacement of thousands of UAM, the paper examines how Mexico and the United States have responded to the crisis. Method: The methodology is based on a review of the most influencial surveys on the reasons why children leave their countries (Human Rights Watch, 2016; Jones & Podkul, 2012; Kennedy, 2014; UNHCR, 2014); as well as documenting violence in the region, particularly the rate of violent killings to explore the relationship between violence and forced migration of UAM who would be in condition to receive protection, identifying the gap between the legal instruments of the refugee regime, and the policies of Mexico and the U.S. to responded to the situation.Results: The generalized violence in the Central American Northern Triangle (CANT) countries displays the characteristics of a humanitarian emergency which migratory dimension is linked to the forced displacement of UAM. Such emergency has not been recognized by the countries involved having as a consequence, among other things, that minors fleeing criminal violence have not been subjects of measures which are consistent with the international refugee protection regime.Conclusion: Mexico and the United States have responded to the arrival of UAM with a series of measures that, far from addressing the humanitarian dimensión of the crisis, have resulted in the mass deportation of many minors who would be eligible for asylum. To mamy of these minors, returning to their country poses life-threatening risks. Thus, the international regime of refugee protection is not being properly implemented. 


Author(s):  
Ana Maria Ibanez

The article describes the magnitude, geographical extent,  and causes of forced population displacements in Colombia. Forced migration in Colombia is a war strategy adopted by armed groups to strengthen territorial strongholds, weaken civilian support to the enemy, seize valuable lands, and produce and transport illegal drugs with ease. Forced displacement in Colombia today affects 3.5 million people. Equivalent to 7.8 percent of Colombia's population, and second worldwide only to Sudan, this shows the magnitude of the humanitarian crisis the country is facing. The phenomenon involves all of Colombia's territory and nearly 90 percent of the country's municipalities expel or receive population. In contrast to other countries, forced migration in Colombia is largely internal. Illegal armed groups are the main responsible parties, migration does not result in massive refugee streams but occurs on an individual basis, and the displaced population is dispersed throughout the territory and not focused in refugee camps. These characteristics pose unique challenges for crafting state policy that can effectively mitigate the impact of displacement.


Author(s):  
David B. Thronson

Citizenship plays a larger and more critical role in the life of children than it should. Children who lack citizenship are incredibly vulnerable to exploitation. In the migration context, a child’s citizenship can be largely determinative of where and with whom a child lives. Despite a modern children’s rights framework that recognizes the humanity and autonomy of children, citizenship and nationality still form an integral part of a child’s identity and play a critical role in a child’s development. It has a pervasive impact in securing other rights for children and can be a central factor in a child’s cultural and linguistic background, education, economic and environment exposures, and virtually all aspects of a child’s daily life. This chapter examines children’s right to citizenship and explores the ongoing crisis of statelessness that undermines these rights. It reviews the role that citizenship plays in both voluntary and forced migration of children, child-specific protections found in both universal and regional human rights frameworks, and the role of children’s citizenship in promoting family unity.


Author(s):  
Petra Molnar

This chapter focuses on how technologies used in the management of migration—such as automated decision-making in immigration and refugee applications and artificial intelligence (AI) lie detectors—impinge on human rights with little international regulation, arguing that this lack of regulation is deliberate, as states single out the migrant population as a viable testing ground for new technologies. Making migrants more trackable and intelligible justifies the use of more technology and data collection under the guide of national security, or even under tropes of humanitarianism and development. Technology is not inherently democratic, and human rights impacts are particularly important to consider in humanitarian and forced migration contexts. An international human rights law framework is particularly useful for codifying and recognizing potential harms, because technology and its development are inherently global and transnational. Ultimately, more oversight and issue specific accountability mechanisms are needed to safeguard fundamental rights of migrants, such as freedom from discrimination, privacy rights, and procedural justice safeguards, such as the right to a fair decision maker and the rights of appeal.


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