Forced displacement in Colombia: Magnitude and causes

Author(s):  
Ana Maria Ibanez

The article describes the magnitude, geographical extent,  and causes of forced population displacements in Colombia. Forced migration in Colombia is a war strategy adopted by armed groups to strengthen territorial strongholds, weaken civilian support to the enemy, seize valuable lands, and produce and transport illegal drugs with ease. Forced displacement in Colombia today affects 3.5 million people. Equivalent to 7.8 percent of Colombia's population, and second worldwide only to Sudan, this shows the magnitude of the humanitarian crisis the country is facing. The phenomenon involves all of Colombia's territory and nearly 90 percent of the country's municipalities expel or receive population. In contrast to other countries, forced migration in Colombia is largely internal. Illegal armed groups are the main responsible parties, migration does not result in massive refugee streams but occurs on an individual basis, and the displaced population is dispersed throughout the territory and not focused in refugee camps. These characteristics pose unique challenges for crafting state policy that can effectively mitigate the impact of displacement.

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-783
Author(s):  
Silvia Almenara-Niebla ◽  
Carmen Ascanio-Sánchez

While there is increasing scholarly attention given to the impact of digital technologies on forced migration, the points of view and situated experiences of refugees living in the diaspora are understudied. This article addresses Sahrawis refugee diasporas, which have close ties with the Sahrawi political cause. Resulting from the unresolved Western Sahara conflict, Sahrawi forced migrants are at the eye of one of the world’s most protracted refugee situations. While most Sahrawis live in refugee camps in Algeria, some Sahrawis have managed to travel onwards. Social media allows those living elsewhere to maintain connections with contacts living in their original refugee camp. However, Facebook has become a complex environment, particularly for Sahrawi women. Gendered mechanisms of control, such as digital transnational gossip, result in a paradoxical politics of belonging: these women simultaneously desire to keep in touch but do not want to become a subject of gossip. From narratives of Sahrawi young women based in Spain gathered through interviews between 2016 and 2018, as well as a specific Facebook campaign and fan page, the focus is on strategies Sahrawi women develop to avoid and confront digital transnational gossip.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
Vasileia Digidiki ◽  
Jacqueline Bhabha

A qualitative study conducted among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh provides empirical confirmation of two types of adverse consequence that frequently occur following distress migration: harsh and exclusionary host state policies, and exacerbation of power inequities (and related abuse) within the refugee community. This article describes research that explored the circumstances of female Rohingya refugees living in the Cox’s Bazar refugee camps in Bangladesh after fleeing genocidal violence in Myanmar. The refugees describe harsh gendered aspects of their forced displacement, including limited access to needed protection and services as well as intra-community hardships exacerbated by the impact of displacement and segregation. Both sets of outcomes constitute preventable human rights violations that require redress.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Thalheimer ◽  
Sihan Li ◽  
Ezekiel Simperingham ◽  
Eddie Jjemba ◽  
Friederike Otto

<p><span>The forced displacement of individuals and communities as a result of extreme weather events and the impact of anthropogenic climate change has been described as one of the greatest humanitarian challenges of the 21st Century. A multi-sectoral approach is required to address the humanitarian dimensions of climate displacement. Approaches span initiatives to prevent or reduce the conditions that lead to displacement (for example, resilience and adaptation strategies); response to displacement (including access to essential humanitarian assistance); recovery initiatives that increase resilience and support for the attainment of sustainable solutions (return, local integration and resettlement). </span>Within the discussions on the humanitarian dimension of climate displacement, there has been increasing recognition of the specific importance of preparedness initiatives. Practitioners like the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC), for instance, have been starting to apply tests of forecast-based financing (FbF) to inform short-term humanitarian assistance based on disaster warnings from scientific forecasts. This paper serves as an innovative contribution towards understanding how FbF can be used as an effective approach to prepare for or prevent climate-related forced displacement. Using a panel econometric analysis, this paper models climate-related forced migration movements and humanitarian needs in Somalia during recent compound drought events. The model results support the improvement of early warning systems in the region and more broadly, the inclusive development and provision of time-effective humanitarian aid to those displaced globally.</p>


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Ruth Elizabeth Prado Pérez

Introducción: En 2014, la llegada a Estados Unidos de decenas de miles de menores no acompañados (en adelante, MeNAS) desde de El Salvador, Honduras y Guatemala reveló una crisis humanitaria de grandes proporciones resultado de la violencia de los cárteles de las drogas, las pandillas, y en la que también participan agentes del Estado. Este artículo analiza el flujo de menores no acompañados centroamericanos como una crisis humanitaria prolongada y silenciosa que los países involucrados parecen no reconocer. Ante la sólida evidencia que apunta a la violencia como factor clave del desplamiento forzado de miles de MeNAS, se examina como han respondido México y Estados Unidos.Método: La metodología está basada en una revisión de las encuestas aplicadas a menores para identificar las razones por las que dejan sus países (ACNUR, 2014; Human Rights Watch, 2016; Jones & Podkul, 2012; Kennedy, 2014); se revisan también estudios sobre la violencia en la región, en particular el índice de homicidios violentos. Se analiza la relación entre violencia y migración forzada de menores no acompañados que estarían en condición de recibir protección, examinanando la brecha existente entre los instrumentos jurídicos en torno al refugio y las políticas con las México y Estados Unidos han respondido a su llegada.Resultados: La situación de violencia generalizada en los países del Triángulo Norte Centroaméricano (TNCA) exhibe las características de una emergencia humanitaria cuya dimensión migratoria está vinculada al desplazamiento forzado de menores no acompañados. Dicha emergencia no ha sido reconocida por los países involucrados, lo que entre otras cosas tiene como consecuencia que los menores que huyen de la violencia no sean atendidos con medidas congruentes con el régimen internacional de protección a refugiados.Discusión o Conclusión: México y Estados Unidos han enfrentado la crisis de menores no acompañados centroamericanos con una serie de medidas que, lejos de atender su dimensión humanitaria, han resultado en la deportación masiva de muchos menores que serían elegibles para recibir asilo y que al retonar a su país corren riesgos que amenazan su vida. Así, el régimen de protección internacional a refugiados no está siendo adecuadamente aplicado adecuadamente. Introduction: In 2014, the arrival in the United States of tens of thousands of unaccompanied minors (UAM) from of El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala revealed a major humanitarian crisis resulting from the violence of drug cartels, gangs, and which also involved state agents. This paper analyzes the flow of UAM as a long and silent humanitarian crisis that the countries involved do not seem to recognize. Given the strong evidence pointing to violence as a key factor forced displacement of thousands of UAM, the paper examines how Mexico and the United States have responded to the crisis. Method: The methodology is based on a review of the most influencial surveys on the reasons why children leave their countries (Human Rights Watch, 2016; Jones & Podkul, 2012; Kennedy, 2014; UNHCR, 2014); as well as documenting violence in the region, particularly the rate of violent killings to explore the relationship between violence and forced migration of UAM who would be in condition to receive protection, identifying the gap between the legal instruments of the refugee regime, and the policies of Mexico and the U.S. to responded to the situation.Results: The generalized violence in the Central American Northern Triangle (CANT) countries displays the characteristics of a humanitarian emergency which migratory dimension is linked to the forced displacement of UAM. Such emergency has not been recognized by the countries involved having as a consequence, among other things, that minors fleeing criminal violence have not been subjects of measures which are consistent with the international refugee protection regime.Conclusion: Mexico and the United States have responded to the arrival of UAM with a series of measures that, far from addressing the humanitarian dimensión of the crisis, have resulted in the mass deportation of many minors who would be eligible for asylum. To mamy of these minors, returning to their country poses life-threatening risks. Thus, the international regime of refugee protection is not being properly implemented. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (38) ◽  
pp. 1526-1532
Author(s):  
András Zóka ◽  
Béla Kádár ◽  
Eszter Vad

Összefoglaló. A fertőzésekhez kapcsolódó immunológiai kórképekre különösen jellemző, hogy mind etiológiai tényezőikben, mind klinikai képükben rendkívül heterogének. Az átfedő és inkomplett megjelenési formák nem ritkák, ami a diagnosztika standardizálását nehezíti. Egyes, a fertőzésekhez opcionálisan kapcsolódó tünetek megfigyelése már több mint egy évszázaddal ezelőtt elvezetett a gócelmélet megszületéséhez, amely eredeti formájában leginkább elnagyolt és naiv feltételezéseken alapult. Folyamatosan bővülő ismereteink ugyanakkor egyre több esetben támasztják alá, hogy az átvészelt, esetleg krónikus vagy perzisztáló fertőzések, illetve a mikrobiom összetétele számos ponton lehet befolyással immunológiai, metabolikus és endokrin homeosztázisunkra. A jelen munkában az ismert összefüggéseket, illetve a meghaladott feltételezéseket is röviden érintve megkíséreljük a rendelkezésre álló ismereteken keresztül áttekinteni a fertőzésekhez kapcsolódó immunológiai jelenségek szürkezónáját, azon kórtani folyamatokat és tüneteket, amelyek létezése igazolható, de terápiás következményeik az egyén szintjén egyelőre bizonytalanok. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(38): 1526–1532. Summary. Immunologic phenomena related to infections are well known to be truly heterogeneous, both regarding their etiology and the clinical picture. Overlapping symptoms and incomplete presentations are not seldom, which often constitute diagnostic challenge. Certain, optional complications of infectious diseases led to the creation of the focal infection theory more than a century ago, although only on the basis of assumptions derived from elusive and naive theories. However, an expanding body of evidence ever since did underline the impact of previous and persistent infections on the immunologic, metabolic and endocrine homeostasis. Besides briefly touching the well-defined diseases, as well as the outdated theories of this field, we aim to provide an overview of the grey zone of infection-related immunologic phenomena, the existence of which is biologically well established, however, their true significance on an individual basis remains uncertain. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(38): 1526–1532.


Author(s):  
Sarah J. Hoffman ◽  
Cheryl L. Robertson

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive perspective of the documented physical and mental health issues Karen refugees from Burma face as a result of war and refugee trauma, and migration. The review will address the question: What is the impact of trauma and migration on the physical and mental health of Karen refugees? Design/methodology/approach – A total of 18 articles were systematically selected for inclusion in the final review. The focal content for included articles includes qualitative and quantitative research representative of the health and migration experiences of Karen refugees. Findings – The findings of this review demonstrate significance for health providers from a public health standpoint as programs and services are targeted to meet the specific health needs of the Karen community. It also highlights the contribution of the Karen forced migration experience to the complexity of individual and community health needs, particularly as a result of the protracted conflict. Originality/value – This critical appraisal of the body of literature describing the health experiences of Karen refugees from Burma, with a particular focus on outcomes relevant to resettlement, demonstrates value as programs are developed with an integrated refugee perspective.


10.28945/3703 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 037-057
Author(s):  
Kham Sila Ahmad ◽  
Jocelyn Armarego ◽  
Fay Sudweeks

Aim/Purpose: To develop a framework for utilizing Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) to assist non-native English migrant women to acquire English vocabulary in a non-formal learning setting. Background: The women in this study migrated to Australia with varied backgrounds including voluntary or forced migration, very low to high levels of their first language (L1), low proficiency in English, and isolated fulltime stay-at-home mothers. Methodology: A case study method using semi-structured interviews and observations was used. Six migrant women learners attended a minimum of five non-MALL sessions and three participants continued on and attended a minimum of five MALL sessions. Participants were interviewed pre- and post-sessions. Data were analysed thematically. Contribution: The MALL framework is capable of enriching migrant women’s learning experience and vocabulary acquisition. Findings: Vocabulary acquisition occurred in women from both non-MALL and MALL environment; however, the MALL environment provided significantly enriched vocabulary learning experience. Future Research: A standardised approach to measure the effectiveness of MALL for vocabulary acquisition among migrant women in non-formal setting


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-104
Author(s):  
Yuliya Orlovska ◽  
Nika Ilkova

It is precisely in the course of adjusting the activities of these subjects, the main task of state regulation of the bankruptcy institute is the formation of such conditions for the functioning of the national economy, which will reduce the risk of doing business for all its entities and promote the internal reorganization of its structure in accordance with the requirements of global transformations. The system of indicators describing the situation in a certain area of ​​the functioning of national economic entities allows us to determine, directly or indirectly, the effectiveness of the bankruptcy institute at the macro-level. To analyze the impact of each of the factors on GDP, a sensitivity analysis was conducted according to which input data X were recorded at the values ​​of 2018 and alternately changed by 10%. For each such change, GDP was calculated as compared to the model value for 2018. As a result of the calculations, the most sensitive factors were identified and features of the functioning of the bankruptcy institute in the Ukrainian economy were identified. The main provisions of a state policy aimed at increasing the functional effectiveness of the bankruptcy institute are formulated. First of all, it is necessary to promote the country's position in the Doing business rankings, as well as the Indexes of Economic Freedom and Corruption Perceptions. On the other hand, an annual growth of the inflation index of around 10% and the level of the fiscal tax burden will also have a positive effect on GDP dynamics.


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