Chapter 12. Crimes Against Humanity: The State Plan Or Policy Element

2008 ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
State Plan

The State Plan

1964 ◽  
pp. 246-282
Author(s):  
Konstantin Katzarov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Plan

scholarly journals OS PLANOS ESTADUAIS DE EDUCAÇÃO: uma análise acerca da meta referente ao financiamento da educação

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Araujo De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
State Governments ◽  
State Plan

O presente artigo tem como principal objetivo analisar as metas referentes ao financiamento da educação nos Planos Estaduais de Educação (PEEs) e de que maneira estas poderão trazer novos recursos para que as demais possam ser cumpridas. Concluiu-se que os governos estaduais poderiam contribuir para o aumento de recursos na educação pública através de seus PEEs e, com isso, colaborar para o país alcançar a meta 20 do Plano Nacional de Educação; porém, a maioria construiu um plano com meta e estratégias que dificilmente trarão aumento significativo de recursos para a educação pública do país.Palavras-chave: Plano Estadual de Educação; Produto Interno Bruto; Financiamento da educação.The present article has as main objective to analyze the goals relating to the financing of education in the State Plans of Education, and in what way they might bring new resources to the other goals of the Plans can be fulfilled. It was concluded that the state governments could contribute to the increase of resources in public education through their PEEs and it could collaborate for the country to achieve the goal of 20 PNE, however most built a Plan with a goal and strategies that hardly bring a significant increase of resources for public education in the country.Key-words: The State plan of Education; Gross Domestic Product; the Financing of education.

scholarly journals Criminal Responsibility of States In International Law: Rethinking Or Permanent Abandonment of the Concept?

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-168
Author(s):  
Enis Omerović
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
International Obligation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Peremptory Norms

The responsibility of states and international organizations is an essential issue of contemporary international law. All other debates in this branch of law seem to follow up on this issue. In fact, whenever a state violates its international obligation, the question of the responsibility of such a state arises. However, in addition to being essential, this issue is also an extremely politically sensitive area, as only some states, guided mainly by demand for respect for their territorial sovereignty and the principle of equality of all states, are willing to accept all the consequences of such behavior in international relations with other subjects of international law, while those that consider themselves more equal than others (primus inter pares), particularly the great world powers, will be largely reluctant to accept legal responsibility for their illegal acts, and especially for the commission of international crimes in the narrow sense, which includes the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. With international organizations, the problems in this regard are perhaps even greater.In this paper we examine the meaning of further survival of the concept of criminal responsibility of states and international organizations, wanting to examine the concept and definition of criminal responsibility of transnational corporations at the international level, while in the second part of the article we try to shed a light on political-legal responsibility. In addition to the fact that this concept is probably unsustainable under international law, it seems that the approach to advocating for the criminal responsibility of the state, as well as international organizations, is unnecessary. Therefore, we should work on building and thoroughly elaborating the concept of international responsibility of the state and the international organization in the conditions of international crimes stricto sensu, in other words, serious breaches of obligations arising from peremptory norms of general international law. In this way, without creating legally unsustainable constructions, essentially the same goal would be achieved.

scholarly journals Looted Art in the Politics of Memory of the FRG

2018 ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
V. Soloshenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
German Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
New Treatment

Memory and learning tragic pages of history, such as genocide and crimes against humanity, are of great importance for the future of the state. This article deals with the problem of the looted art, itsplace in the politics of memory of the Federal Republic of Germany. The problems of protection, preservation, and repatriation of the cultural heritage looted by the Nazi before and during World WarII have received new treatment in the German society. It is pointed out that Germany has extensive experience of addressing the burdensome past, it has been established how the FRG solves the problem of its overcoming, its new facets and dimensions are revealed. The German experience of the last decades in the matter of search and restitution of lost and illegally transported works of art and its value for Ukraine is analyzed.

scholarly journals Remuneração docente: efeitos da luta sindical na implantação do piso salarial nacional profissional

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Maria Dilnéia Espíndola Fernandes ◽  
Beatriz Hiromi Miura
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
The State ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Teachers Union ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Politica Educativa ◽  
La Red ◽  
State Plan ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

O trabalho apresenta a remuneração docente da rede estadual de ensino do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul no contexto de implantação da Lei n. 11.738/2008. A lei entrou em vigor no estado somente em 2011. Trabalhou-se com a legislação de âmbitos federal e estadual, documentos da esfera do estado, do movimento sindical docente e da imprensa local. O grau de organização do movimento sindical docente e suas ações para a implantação do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN) e demais direitos docentes instituídos pela Lei n. 11.738/2008 foram efeitos positivos para a composição remuneratória docente no período analisado. Destaca-se que a equivalência remuneratória com os demais profissionais, bem como a jornada de trabalho docente, uma das metas do Plano Estadual de Educação, em alinhamento com o Plano Nacional de Educação 2014-2024, apartir de 2016, foi atingida pelos docentes da rede estadual de ensino de Mato Grosso do Sul. Ainda assim, tanto o PSPN quanto a jornada de trabalho de 1/3 sem a presença de educandos estão se dando de forma escalonada até2021. Aconjuntura de restrição de gastos públicos, iniciada em 2017, coloca novos desafios ao movimento sindical docente, cujos efeitos podem retardar ainda mais os direitos instituídos pela Lei n. 11.738/2008.Palavras chave: Política educacional. Movimento sindical docente. Piso Salarial Nacional Profissional. Teachers’ pay: the effects of the union’s efforts towards the implementation of the national professional minimum wageABSTRACTThe paper discusses the remuneration of state schoolteachers in Mato Grosso do Sul, within the context of the implementation of Law No. 11.738/2008. The law has been effective in the state since 2011. The study included federal and state legislation, as well as documents related to the state, the teachers’ Union and the local press. The organization of the teachers’ Union and its actions to implement the National Professional Minimum Wage (PSPN) and other teachers’ rights established by Law n. 11.738/2008 were positive effects for the composition of the teachers’ remuneration during the period under analysis. The equity with other professionals, regarding teachers’ pay and daily working hours, which was one of the targets of the State Plan of Education, in alignment with the National Plan of Education 2014-2024, was achieved by the state schoolteachers in Mato Grosso do Sul in 2016. Still, both the PSPN and the teachers’ daily working hours of 1/3 without the presence of the students will be gradually implemented until 2021. The situation of public expenditure constraints, started in 2017, poses further challenges to the teachers’ Union. Their effects will probably postpone the rights established by law No. 11.738/2008 a little longer.Keywords: Education policy. Teachers’ Union. National Professional Minimum Wage.Remuneración docente: efectos de la lucha sindical en la implantación de la base salarial nacional profesionalRESUMENEl trabajo presenta la remuneración docente de la red estadual de enseñanza del estado de Mato Grosso do Sul en el contexto de implementación de la Ley 11.738/2008. La ley otorgará en el estado solamente en 2011. Se trabajó con la legislación de ámbitos federal y estadual, documentos de la esfera del estado, del movimiento sindical docente y de la prensa local. El grado de organización del movimiento sindical docente y sus acciones para la implementación de la Base Salarial Nacional (PSPN) y otros derechos docentes establecidos por la Ley 11.738/2008 tuvieron efectos positivos para la composición salarial docente en el período analizado. Se señala que la equivalencia salarial con otras profesiones, así como la jornada laboral docente, una de las metas del Plan Estadual de Educación, en concomitancia con el Plan Nacional de Educación 2014-2024, a partir del 2016, fue alcanzado por los docentes de la red estadual de enseñanza de Mato Grosso do Sul. Aún así, tanto el PSPN como la jornada laboral de 1/3 sin la presencia de educandos se están dando de forma escalonada hasta 2021. La conjuntura de restricción de gastos públicos, iniciada en 2017, coloca nuevos desafíos al movimiento sindical docente, cuyos efectos pueden retardar aún los derechos establecidos por la Ley 11.738/2008.Palabras clave: Política educativa. Movimiento Sindical Docente. Piso Salarial Profesional Nacional.

Conceptual Considerations on the Notion of ‘Crimes against Humanity’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Rodenhäuser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich

When considering which kinds of armed groups could form the entity behind crimes against humanity, legal debate has turned around the question of whether these groups need to be ‘state-like’ or not. As the law could support different interpretations, this first chapter on crimes against humanity engages with the rich philosophical debate on the crime’s main characteristics. Discussing a variety of philosophical works on this issue, this chapter develops a new approach, arguing that crimes against humanity should be understood as large-scale crimes committed in a context in which victims are deprived of any effective protection. It shows that such situations not only occur if states are involved in the crime, but also if armed groups commit large-scale crimes and the state is either unwilling or unable to halt them.

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