Systematics of Irvingiaceae and Ixonanthaceae (Malpighiales): phylogenetic analysis based on three plastid DNA loci

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES W. BYNG ◽  
BENEDETTA BERNARDINI ◽  
MAARTEN J. M. CHRISTENHUSZ ◽  
MARK W. CHASE
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Past

Relationships of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae have been poorly known in the past. We therefore investigate the relationships of these families here. Plastid atpB, rbcL and ndhF sequences from taxa representing all genera were analysed using maximum likelihood. Allantospermum was found as sister to Irvingiaceae and does not belong to Ixonanthaceae where it was often traditionally placed. This position of Allantospermum in Irvingiaceae is further supported by numerous putative synapomorphic characters. Expanded species sampling in Ixonanthaceae found that African Phyllocosmus was embedded within a strongly supported clade containing American Ochthocosmus. A re-evaluation of morphological characters of the two supports an enlarged concept of Ochthocosmus. Within Irvingiaceae, the West African monotypic Desbordesia was embedded within a strongly supported clade of Old World Irvingia. These findings change circumscriptions of both Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae.

scholarly journals Description of a new marine predatory nematode Latronema dyngi sp. nov. (Nematoda, Chromadorida, Selachinematidae) from the west coast of Sweden and an updated phylogeny of Chromadoria

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ahmed ◽  
Oleksandr Holovachov
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
West Coast ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The West ◽  
Spicule Length ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Circular Outline

AbstractA new nematode species, Latronema dyngi sp. nov., is described from Skagerrak off the west coast of Sweden with the type locality near Dyngö island. Latronema dyngi sp. nov. is characterized by multispiral amphideal fovea with circular outline, 0.2–0.3 corresponding body diameters wide in males and 0.1–0.2 corresponding body diameters wide in females, 12 cuticular longitudinal ridges and 18–27 precloacal supplements in males. Latronema dyngi sp. nov. most closely resembles L. orcinum in terms of body length; demanian ratios a, b, c and c′; number of amphid turns in males; and the ratio of spicule length to cloacal body diameter. The two species can be differentiated by the number longitudinal ridges on the cuticle (12 for Latronema dyngi sp. nov. vs 20–22 for L. orcinum) and spicule length (65–78 μm for L. dyngi vs 60 for L. orcinum) and shape (weakly arcuate for L. dyngi sp. nov. vs strongly arcuate for L. orcinum). We also performed a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis on over 250 nematodes of the subclass Chromadoria based on their nearly full-length 18S rDNA sequences. In agreement with previous studies, our analysis supported Selachinematidae as a monophyletic group and placed Richtersia Steiner, 1916 within Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922 or just outside of the main Desmodorida clade with the latter placement not well supported.

Late Miocene eastwards transatlantic dispersal of flightless anchonine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4952 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
VASILY V. GREBENNIKOV ◽  
ROBERT S. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Clock Analysis ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Clock Analysis

The weevil genera Aethiopacorep Voisin and Titilayo Cristóvão & Lyal are the only native African members of the nearly pantropical and poorly known tribe Anchonini. All Anchonini are flightless, a trait likely limiting dispersal, yet these weevils are found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. A phylogenetic analysis of 79 terminals and 3248 aligned positions from one mitochondrial and two nuclear ribosomal fragments supports a clade of West African Anchonini nested within American Anchonini. As suggested by previous authors, the Asian genera Himalanchonus Zherikhin and Otibazo Morimoto do not form a clade with the tribe’s core, and along with Cycloterinus Kolbe, Euthycodes Pascoe, Leptanchonus Morimoto, Nepalanchonus Zherikhin, and Tanyomus Champion, are here removed from Anchonini and placed as Molytinae incertae sedis. So defined, the monophyletic tribe Anchonini contains 36 genus-group names, all but two denoting American taxa. Using molecular clock analysis, we estimate the separation of the West African Anchonini from its American sister at 9.5–5.2 million years ago (Ma). This date greatly postdates the Cretaceous opening of the Atlantic Ocean (about 100 Ma) and, therefore, evokes a single transatlantic dispersal to West Africa, likely by over-water rafting, leading to subsequent diversification. We postulate this to be the first documented eastwards crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by terrestrial non-volant arthropods based on morphological and molecular data. 

Re-Islamization of the West African Ummah A Model for Tajdid?

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman I. Doi
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
West African ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Sahara Desert ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Civilization

IntroductionHuman development, from the Islamic point of view, can be achieved onlyby following the footsteps of the Prophet (SAAS). The nearer one comes toimbibing the Message of the Quran, Sunnah, and Shari’ah in one’s life, themore humanly developed one becomes, because personal development in Islamis measured by one’s refinement in living this Message. The more refinedand developed are the persons in a community, the better will be their cultureand civilization.As long as Muslims continued moulding their life according to the Shari‘ah,their civilization in Medina, Baghdad, Andullis, Constantinople, and Delhiflourished. The decline and fall of Islamic civilization came when Muslimsstarted paying mere lip service to the formula of faith and departing fromthe spirit and purposes of the Shari‘ah. This was the unfortunate phenomenonthroughout the Muslim world. Fortunately, the rightly inspired people roseto bring back the erring Muslims to the path of the Shari’ah. This paper seeksto present an assessment of the dynamics used by a Mujaddid (a promoterof Tajdid or revival) of West Africa to re-Islamize a society that had sunkinto the abyss of confusion.Islam in West AfricaWest Africa, situated south of the Sahara desert, and which the Arabhistorians called Bilad al Sudan, has witnessed in the past, many Islamicempires, e.g., Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Bornu, the last of which was theSokoto Caliphate. It emerged from the process of Tajdid (renewal or revival inaccordance with the Quran and Sunnah)’ which was started by Shehu(Shaikh) ‘Uthman Danfodio (1754-1817) in 1774, and which culminated in ...

New species of Mycena (Mycenaceae, Agaricales) with colored lamellae and three new species records from China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (3) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
QIN NA ◽  
TOLGOR BAU
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
North America ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
First Time

Four species of Mycena possessing a colored lamellar are reported. Of these, Mycena entolomoides is described as new and is distinguished by an incarnate color of the whole lamellae, and M. citrinomarginata, M. purpureofusca, and M. strobilinoidea are recorded for the first time in China. A complete description, drawings and photographs of the morphological characters of M. entolomoides sp. nov. are accompanied by comparisons with closely related taxa. The three species newly recorded in China are considered in agreement with those species in Europe and North America. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that M. entolomoides sp. nov. forms a monophyletic clade, well supported by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference.

scholarly journals Assessing the molecular diversity of Hildaea (Poaceae, Panicoideae): reaching a compromise between the splitter and the lumper

2019 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-147
Author(s):  
Christian Silva ◽  
Cristiane Snak ◽  
Gerrit Davidse ◽  
Cássio Van Den Berg ◽  
R Patrícia Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Nuclear Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Old World ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Possible Cause

Abstract The taxonomy of some groups of plants is challenging, and the strict use of morphological characters may not be enough to solve problems of species delimitation. Hildaea, a genus of tropical grasses recently segregated from Ichnanthus section Foveolatus, is mostly composed of species with obscure boundaries. This group was revised by two authors, Rogers and Stieber, with distinct opinions. The former recognized > 30 taxa, whereas the latter reduced this number to six. In the present study, we re-evaluate current and previous classifications through a comprehensively sampled phylogenetic analysis using plastid (ndhF) and nuclear data (ETS and ITS). Our results demonstrate that the diversity in Hildaea is a middle ground between the splitter and the lumper, indicating that several taxa currently treated as synonyms should be reinstated. Old World Hildaea were found to belong to two clades, one including species from Asia and Oceania, and another including species from the Neotropics and from western Africa. Topological incongruences suggest that hybridization may be a possible cause for the morphological variation observed and also an important evolutionary driver.

scholarly journals What’s In the Manuscripts of Timbuktu? A Survey of the Contents of 31 Private Libraries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Charles C. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past

Abstract The Arabic manuscripts of Timbuktu have received considerable publicity during the past 25 years, yet their contents remain largely unknown. Since 2012, an inventory of nearly 350,000 Timbuktu manuscripts in private libraries has been underway, and the contents of those libraries are now accessible in the West African Arabic Manuscript Database (WAAMD). This analysis examines 31 of the 35 libraries and in addition to reporting on their contents, notes challenges in accessing incompletely identified works, and compares the manuscripts with other West African collections.

scholarly journals First North American Records of the Old-World Tramp Ant Syllophopsis sechellensis(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
James Wetterer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
West Indies ◽  
New World ◽  
The West ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Arrival ◽  
Tramp Ant ◽  
Old World Tropics

Syllophopsis  sechellensis  (Emery)  (formerly  Monomorium  sechellense) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a small, inconspicuous ant species native to the Old-World tropics. Syllophopsis sechellensis is widespread in Asia and Australia, and on islands the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. In the New  World,  all  published  records  come  from  West  Indian  islands.  Here,  I report the first records of S. sechellensis from North America: from four sites in Miami-Dade and Broward counties, Florida, more than 1500 km from the closest records in the West Indies. The ants of Florida have been well-studied in the past, so S. sechellensis appears to be a recent arrival.

scholarly journals Gecko diversity: a history of global discovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Peter Uetz ◽  
Alex Slavenko ◽  
Shai Meiri ◽  
Matthew Heinicke
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Family Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Type ◽  
The Tropics

1935 gecko species (and 224 subspecies) were known in December 2019 in seven families and 124 genera. These nearly 2000 species were described by ~950 individuals of whom more than 100 described more than 10 gecko species each. Most gecko species were discovered during the past 40 years. The primary type specimens of all currently recognized geckos (including subspecies) are distributed over 161 collections worldwide, with 20 collections having about two thirds of all primary types. The primary type specimens of about 40 gecko taxa have been lost or unknown. The phylogeny of geckos is well studied, with DNA sequences being available for ~76% of all geckos (compared to ~63% in other reptiles) and morphological characters now being collected in databases. Geographically, geckos occur on five continents and many islands but are most species-rich in Australasia (which also houses the greatest diversity of family-level taxa), Southeast Asia, Africa, Madagascar, and the West Indies. Among countries, Australia has the highest number of geckos (241 species), with India, Madagascar, and Malaysia being the only other countries with more than 100 described species each. As expected, when correcting for land area, countries outside the tropics have fewer geckos.

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