scholarly journals Is it time to describe new species without diagnoses?—A comment on Sharkey et al. (2021)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5027 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
DIRK AHRENS ◽  
SHANE T. AHYONG ◽  
ALBERTO BALLERIO ◽  
MAXWELL V. L. BARCLAY ◽  
JONAS EBERLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Biodiversity Research ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Species Descriptions

New methods in taxonomy and systematics can influence the overall practice of formally naming and describing biodiversity. DNA barcoding has been controversial since its emergence, but now, large scale species descriptions exclusively based on barcodes have created what can be called a ‘new quality of performance’. Its limitations are discussed from different perspectives: nomenclature, general pragmatism, and problems of DNA-based species delimitation in the light of the central aim of achieving a robust and stable nomenclature of organisms, essential for all applications of biodiversity research. This issue needs to be addressed to prevent restraining the progress of taxonomy and its ability to contribute to modern science.  

Molecular DNA barcoding of the water mite genus Protzia Persig, 1896 with a description of three new species and the unknown male of P. longiacetabulata (Acari, Hydrachnidia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pešić ◽  
Harry Smit ◽  
Pınar Gülle ◽  
Miroslawa Dabert
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Southern Iran ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Mite Genus ◽  
Unknown Male

Species of the mite genus Protzia Piersig, 1896 are diverse and sometimes highly abundant freshwater mites. Here, we provide COI barcodes for five species (Protzia rugosa, P. rotunda, P. halberti, P. cabardinica, P. longiacetabulata) and use them for species delimitation analyses accompanied with morphological comparisons. As a result, we resurrected the species P. cabardinica (Sokolow, 1940). Based on morphology only, we describe three new species, P. kyrgyzica sp. nov. and P. tienshanensis sp. nov., from Kyrgyzstan and P. iranica sp. nov. from southern Iran. Furthermore, we describe the male of P. longiacetabulata from Turkey, which was not known previously.

Species delimitation of Lachlania Hagen (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae) with description of two new species from Brazil

Zoosymposia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIANA CRISTE MASSARIOL ◽  
ROBERTA PARESQUE ◽  
FREDERICO FALCÃO SALLES
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two New Species

Based on DNA barcodes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences) of Lachlania specimens from Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil, eight lineages were delimited through DNA barcoding and imagoes and immature stages were associated. Among these lineages, two new species are described, Lachlania alcidesi sp. nov. and Lachlania aldinae sp. nov., from State of Espírito Santo. The former species based on nymph, male, and female imagoes, and the latter based on nymph and female imagoes. The main characteristics used to distinguish female imagoes of the new species from those of known species of the genus are: 1) body length; 2) head coloration; 3) number of cross veins on forewing; 4) coloration of caudal filaments; 5) relation between length from point of origin of IMP to margin and total length of MA2- MP1 of forewing.

scholarly journals Integrative taxonomy reveals a new genus and new species of Philosciidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from the Neotropical region

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca L. Zimmermann ◽  
Ivanklin S. Campos-Filho ◽  
Paula B. Araujo
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Terrestrial Isopods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
A New Species

Although new methods and data are conquering space in the field of taxonomy, such as integrative taxonomy, most terrestrial isopod species are still described based only on morphology. Species of the genus Atlantoscia Ferrara and Taiti, 1981 were the first and are the unique terrestrial isopods from the Neotropics for which a molecular phylogeny was already conducted. Previous results indicated that this genus could be paraphyletic, and a more detailed analysis would be required. Our aim was to reconstruct the phylogeny of Atlantoscia using mitochondrial and nuclear markers and test its monophyly by integrating molecular and morphological data. We observed that, indeed, Atlantoscia is paraphyletic. Atlantoscia ituberasensis Campos-Filho, Lisboa and Araujo, 2013 and Atlantoscia rubromarginata Araujo and Leistikow, 1999 were placed in a new genus of terrestrial isopods, Paratlantoscia gen. nov., together with a new species described in the present study, Paratlantoscia robusta sp. nov. The new genus is defined by the presence of specialized respiratory areas in the pleopod exopods and its validity is highly corroborated by molecular analyses and by biogeographic information. This study highlights the importance of multiple and complementary perspectives as a way to improve the quality of species hypothesis and associated descriptions.

scholarly journals DNA Barcoding and Taxonomic Challenges in Describing New Putative Species: Examples from Sootywing and Cloudywing Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Pfeiler
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Cryptic Taxa ◽  
Formally Trained ◽  
Species Descriptions

DNA barcoding has resulted in the ‘discovery’ of a vast number of new species and subspecies. Assigning formal scientific names to these taxa remains a major challenge. Names sometimes are newly designated. Alternatively, available valid names can be resurrected from synonymy, based on barcode analyses together with classical taxonomic characters. For the most part, however, new putative species revealed by barcoding studies go undescribed. This situation is most often attributed to insufficient taxonomic expertise with the authors conducting the study, together with a critical lack of formally trained taxonomists. However, even with formal training, and additional supportive data from morphological, ecological or life history characters, other factors can arise that impede new species descriptions. In the present paper, several specific taxonomic challenges that have arisen from barcode analyses in two groups of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), the Sootywings (Pholisora catullus and P. mejicanus) and the Coyote Cloudywing (Achalarus toxeus) are highlighted and discussed. Both P. catullus and A. toxeus show relatively large intraspecific genetic divergences of barcodes (2–3%) which suggests the possibility of previously unrecognized cryptic speciation within each group. Some of the challenges to providing formal names and clarifying taxonomic status of these cryptic taxa could be largely overcome by (1) barcoding type specimens, (2) clarifying imprecise and often vague or suspect type localities, and (3) by conducting in-depth comparative studies on genitalic morphology.

scholarly journals Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Isabel Navarro-Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Taxonomic Approach ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Unique Species ◽  
A New Species

Based on an integrative taxonomic approach, a new species of the genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832, is described from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is described based on DNA barcoding using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and morphology. For species delimitation, four molecular methods were implemented: 1) corrected p-distances under neighbor joining (NJ); 2) automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD); 3) general mixed yule coalescent model (GMYC) and 4) Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP). The new species morphologically resembles L. jaca, another species from Hidalgo, but there are morphological differences mainly in the tibiae of the male palp, the seminal receptacles of the females and also the high genetic p-distances. CO1 was more informative than ITS2 for the genetic separation; however, both concatenated genes (CO1 + ITS2) present robust evidence for species delimitation. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is considered a unique species for four reasons: 1) it can be diagnosed and distinguished by morphological characters (of the male palps mainly, but also of the seminal receptacles of the females); 2) the genetic p-distances with CO1 were high (>10%); 3) the molecular species delimitation methods were congruent under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2; and 4) under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2, the new species is a putative sister group of L. jaca + L. tenango.

With DNA barcoding revealing sexual dimorphism in a water mite: the first description of male Sperchon fuxiensis (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Sperchontidae) 

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4560 (2) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU ZHANG ◽  
XUE HOU ◽  
GUANG LI ◽  
RONG-RONG MU ◽  
HAI-JUN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Excretory Pore ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Recent Collection ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Study Species

Sperchon fuxiensis Zhang, 2017 was published as a new species based on females alone. Two males of Sperchon were found in the same locality during our recent collection. The males resemble S. fuxiensis female in the integument pattern, excretory pore and the palps shape, but the chitinous plates of both dorsum and venter differ greatly. The males were paired with the female of S. fuxiensis using DNA barcoding, revealing unusual sexual dimorphism in the species. Descriptions and illustrations of the male of S. fuxiensis are given in the present study. Species identification based on the full-length DNA barcoding (658bp) of COI in water mites is also discussed. 

Assessment of quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke

2016 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
A. Babirad
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting

Cerebrovascular diseases are a problem of the world today, and according to the forecast, the problem of the near future arises. The main risk factors for the development of ischemic disorders of the cerebral circulation include oblique and aging, arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and heart disease. An effective strategy for the prevention of cerebrovascular events is based on the implementation of large-scale risk control measures, including the use of antiagregant and anticoagulant therapy, invasive interventions such as atheromectomy, angioplasty and stenting. In this connection, the efforts of neurologists, cardiologists, angiosurgery, endocrinologists and other specialists are the basis for achieving an acceptable clinical outcome. A review of the SF-36 method for assessing the quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke is presented. The assessment of quality of life is recognized in world medical practice and research, an indicator that is also used to assess the quality of the health system and in general sociological research.

Paepalanthus fabianeae (Eriocaulaceae): A New Microendemic Species from a Morphologically Coherent Clade

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-801
Author(s):  
Caroline Oliveira Andrino ◽  
Marcelo Fragomeni Simon ◽  
Jair Eustáquio Quintino Faria ◽  
André Luiz da Costa Moreira ◽  
Paulo Takeo Sano
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Espinhaço Range ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract—We describe and illustrate Paepalanthus fabianeae, a new species of Eriocaulaceae from the central portion of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Previous phylogenetic evidence based on analyses of nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid (trnL-trnF and psba-trnH) sequences revealed P. fabianeae as belonging to a strongly supported and morphologically coherent clade containing five other species, all of them microendemic, restricted to the Espinhaço range. Due to the infrageneric classification of Paepalanthus being highly artificial, we preferred not assigning P. fabianeae to any infrageneric group. Paepalanthus fabianeae is known from two populations growing in campos rupestres (highland rocky fields) in the meridional Espinhaço Range. The species is characterized by pseudodichotomously branched stems, small, linear, recurved, and reflexed leaves, urceolate capitula, and bifid stigmas. Illustrations, photos, the phylogenetic position, and a detailed description, as well as comments on habitat, morphology, and affinities with similar species are provided. The restricted area of occurrence allied with threats to the quality of the habitat, mainly due to quartzite mining, justifies the preliminary classification of the new species in the Critically Endangered (CR) category using the guidelines and criteria of the IUCN Red List.

Boilerplate

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Jane Radin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
New Methods ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fine Print

Boilerplate—the fine-print terms and conditions that we become subject to when we click “I agree” online, rent an apartment, or enter an employment contract, for example—pervades all aspects of our modern lives. On a daily basis, most of us accept boilerplate provisions without realizing that should a dispute arise about a purchased good or service, the nonnegotiable boilerplate terms can deprive us of our right to jury trial and relieve providers of responsibility for harm. Boilerplate is the first comprehensive treatment of the problems posed by the increasing use of these terms, demonstrating how their use has degraded traditional notions of consent, agreement, and contract, and sacrificed core rights whose loss threatens the democratic order. This book examines attempts to justify the use of boilerplate provisions by claiming either that recipients freely consent to them or that economic efficiency demands them, and it finds these justifications wanting. It argues that our courts, legislatures, and regulatory agencies have fallen short in their evaluation and oversight of the use of boilerplate clauses. To improve legal evaluation of boilerplate, the book offers a new analytical framework, one that takes into account the nature of the rights affected, the quality of the recipient's consent, and the extent of the use of these terms. It goes on to offer possibilities for new methods of boilerplate evaluation and control, and concludes by discussing positive steps that NGOs, legislators, regulators, courts, and scholars could take to bring about better practices.

Model and Method for Contributor’s Quality Assessment in Community Image Tagging Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
A. V. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Preference Relation ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Characteristic Matrix ◽  
Image Tagging ◽  
Proposed Model

Introduction: Large-scale human-computer systems involving people of various skills and motivation into the information processing process are currently used in a wide spectrum of applications. An acute problem in such systems is assessing the expected quality of each contributor; for example, in order to penalize incompetent or inaccurate ones and to promote diligent ones.Purpose: To develop a method of assessing the expected contributor’s quality in community tagging systems. This method should only use generally unreliable and incomplete information provided by contributors (with ground truth tags unknown).Results:A mathematical model is proposed for community image tagging (including the model of a contributor), along with a method of assessing the expected contributor’s quality. The method is based on comparing tag sets provided by different contributors for the same images, being a modification of pairwise comparison method with preference relation replaced by a special domination characteristic. Expected contributors’ quality is evaluated as a positive eigenvector of a pairwise domination characteristic matrix. Community tagging simulation has confirmed that the proposed method allows you to adequately estimate the expected quality of community tagging system contributors (provided that the contributors' behavior fits the proposed model).Practical relevance: The obtained results can be used in the development of systems based on coordinated efforts of community (primarily, community tagging systems). 

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