East Coast Cool-Weather Storms in the New York Metropolitan Region

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2320-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Salmun ◽  
A. Molod ◽  
F. S. Buonaiuto ◽  
K. Wisniewska ◽  
K. C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Beach Erosion ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract New York coastal regions are frequently exposed to winter extratropical storm systems that exhibit a wide range of local impacts. Studies of these systems either have used localized water-level or beach erosion data to identify and characterize the storms or have used meteorological conditions from reanalysis data to provide a general regional “climatology” of storms. The use of meteorological conditions to identify these storms allows an independent assessment of impacts on the coastal environment and therefore can be used to predict the impacts. However, the intensity of these storms can exhibit substantial spatial variability that may not be captured by the relatively large scales of the studies using reanalysis data, and this fact may affect the localized assessment of storm impact on the coastal communities. A method that uses data from National Data Buoy Center stations in the New York metropolitan area to identify East Coast cool-weather storms (ECCSs) and to describe their climatological characteristics is presented. An assessment of the presence of storm conditions and a three-level intensity scale was developed using surface pressure data as measured at the buoys. This study identified ECCSs during the period from 1977 through 2007 and developed storm climatologies for each level of storm intensity. General agreement with established climatologies demonstrated the robustness of the method. The impact of the storms on the coastal environment was assessed by computing “storm average” values of storm-surge data and by examining beach erosion along the south shore of Long Island, New York. A regression analysis demonstrated that the best storm-surge predictor is based on measurements of significant wave height at a nearby buoy.

scholarly journals Extreme Climate Events, Household Decision-Making and Transitions in the Immediate Aftermath of Hurricane Sandy

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Solecki ◽  
Robin Leichenko ◽  
David Eisenhauer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Surge Flooding ◽  
Term Response

AbstractIt is five years since Hurricane Sandy heavily damaged the New York- New Jersey Metropolitan region, and the fuller character of the long-term response can be better understood. The long-term response to Hurricane Sandy and the flooding risks it illustrated are set in myriad of individual and collective decisions taken during the time following the event. While the physical vulnerability of this region to storm surge flooding and climate change risks including sea level rise has been well-documented within the scholarly literature, Sandy’s impact placed decision-makingpost extreme events into the forefront of public and private discussions about the appropriate response. Some of the most fundamental choices were made by individual homeowners who houses were damaged and in some cases made uninhabitable following the storm. These individuals were forced to make decisions regarding where they would live and whether Sandy’s impact would result in their moving. In the disaster recovery and rebuilding context, these early household struggles about whether to leave or stay are often lost in the wider and longer narrative of recovery. To examine this early phase, this paper presents results of a research study that documented the ephemeral evidence of the initial phase of recovery in coastal communities that were heavily impacted by Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge and flooding. Hurricane Sandy and the immediate response to the storm created conditions for a potential large-scale transformation with respect to settlement of the coastal zone. In the paper, we examine and analyze survey and interview results of sixty-one residents and two dozen local stakeholders and practitioners to understand the stresses and transitions experienced by flooded households and the implications for the longer term resiliency of the communities in which they are located.

NESTED HIGH-RESOLUTION NOx AND PM SIMULATIONS OVER ZÜRICH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Suter ◽  
Lukas Emmenegger ◽  
Dominik Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Concentration Levels

<p>Reducing air pollution, which is the world's largest single environmental health risk, demands better-informed air quality policies. Consequently, multi-scale air quality models are being developed with the goal to resolve cities. One of the major challenges in such model systems is to accurately represent all large- and regional-scale processes that may critically determine the background concentration levels over a given city. This is particularly true for longer-lived species such as aerosols, for which background levels often dominate the concentration levels, even within the city. Furthermore, the heterogeneous local emissions, and complex dispersion in the city have to be considered carefully.</p><p>In this study, the impact of processes across a wide range of scales on background concentrations over Switzerland and the city of Zurich was modelled by performing one year of nested European and Swiss national COSMO-ART simulations to obtain adequate boundary conditions for gas-phase chemical, aerosol and meteorological conditions for city-resolving simulations. The regional climate chemistry model COSMO-ART (Vogel et al. 2009) was used in a 1-way coupled mode. The outer, European, domain, which was driven by chemical boundary conditions from the global MOZART model, had a 6.6 km horizontal resolution and the inner, Swiss, domain one of 2.2 km. For the city scale, a catalogue of more than 1000 mesoscale flow patterns with 100 m resolution was created with the model GRAMM, based on a discrete set of atmospheric stabilities, wind speeds and directions, accounting for the influence of land-use and topography. Finally, the flow around buildings was solved with the CFD model GRAL forced at the boundaries by GRAMM. Subsequently, Lagrangian dispersion simulations for a set of air pollutants and emission sectors (traffic, industry, ...) based on extremely detailed building and emission data was performed in GRAL. The result of this nested procedure is a library of 3-dimensional air pollution maps representative of hourly situations in Zurich (Berchet et al. 2017). From these pre-computed situations, time-series and concentration maps can be obtained by selecting situations according to observed or modelled meteorological conditions.</p><p>The results were compared to measurements from air quality monitoring network stations. Modelled concentrations of NO<sub>x</sub> and PM compared well to measurements across multiple locations, provided background conditions were considered carefully. The nested multi-scale modelling system COSMO-ART/GRAMM/GRAL can adequately reproduce local air quality and help understanding the relative contributions of local versus distant emissions, as well as fill the space between precise point measurements from monitoring sites. This information is useful for research, policy-making, and epidemiological studies particularly under the assumption that exceedingly high concentrations become more and more localised phenomenon in the future.</p>

Changing Patterns of Corporate Headquarter Influence, 1974–89

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
D I Lyons
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Evolutionary Sequence ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Corporate Influence ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Regional Centers ◽  
The Impact

Research on the changing geography of metropolitan corporate headquarters (CH) influence has pointed to a decrease in importance for national centers and an increase in the importance of regional centers throughout the country. Theoretical explanations of this change have posited a linear evolutionary sequence from spatial and hierarchical concentration to dispersal. In this paper, the nature of change in metropolitan CH influence between 1974 and 1989 is examined, with a focus on three aspects of this process. First, the detailed sequence of dispersal within types of metropolitan region is explored. Second, the issue of how metropolitan CH influence changes over space is examined. Third, the impact of the recent restructuring of the US economy on metropolitan corporate influence is investigated. The results suggest that the linear evolutionary sequence model needs some modification. The major proportional shifts in CH influence are from New York to a select set of diversified regional centers that may be emerging as national centers in their own right. Dispersion of CH influence is not simply a matter of shifts from one level of the hierarchy to another, rather it is the outcome of a continuous struggle by existing and new corporations in metropolises among and within all levels of the hierarchy to capture new growth opportunities as older opportunities decline. Finally, the impact of restructuring was twofold. Among some metropolitan regions dominated by sectors that declined during the period 1974–89 the consequences were a dramatic decrease in influence. The CHs of the new growth sectors were concentrated among national centers and hence contributed to increased influence at the apex of the hierarchy.

Understanding the Equity Consequences of School-Finance Reform

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Friedman ◽  
Michael Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
School Finance ◽  
Finance Reform ◽  
School Finance Reform ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
School Financing ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
The Impact

In this essay, Lee S. Friedman and Michael Wiseman discuss the economic, legal,and logical implications of school-financing methods now practiced in several states, including Illinois, New York, and California. Examining the Serrano case in California, the authors contend that an important inconsistency in the court requirements resulted from the apparent failure of both the courts and the legislatures to specify the logical relationships between several competing concepts of equality. To this end, Friedman and Wiseman provide a logical analysis of several concepts needed to measure the fair distribution of school revenues and resources. Using Illinois as a case study, they then construct empirical tests for each of those concepts both before and after the Hoffman-Fawell reform in school financing. Those data, finally, are used to suggest an analytic framework that can be employed for evaluating and perhaps predicting the impact of school-finance reforms on a wide range of state systems.

The Impact of Domestic Violence on Urban Preschool Children: Battered Mothers' Perspectives

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1075-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. DeVoe ◽  
Erica L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Exposure To Domestic Violence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Preschool ◽  
Battered Mothers ◽  
Children’S Exposure

Applying focus group methodology, this article explores urban battered mothers' perceptions oftheir preschool children's exposure to domestic violence. It also examines mothers' reportsabout their young children's functioning and traumatic stress symptoms and the connectionswomen make between their own experiences of victimization by partners and their children's difficulties.Finally, this research describes the challenges abused mothers relate in their efforts toparent in the context of domestic violence. The sample consists of 43 women from diversesociodemographic backgrounds who participated in five focus groups in New York City. Findingssuggest that battered mothers have a wide range of awareness of their children's exposure todomestic violence and its possible effects on their preschoolers, including traumatic impact.Women identified parenting burdens related to domestic violence including efforts to preventaggression and victimization in their children. The implications for intervention with batteredwomen and their preschool children are presented.

Statistical Prediction of the Storm Surge Associated with Cool-Weather Storms at the Battery, New York

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Salmun ◽  
A. Molod ◽  
K. Wisniewska ◽  
F. S. Buonaiuto
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The winter and early spring weather in the New York City metropolitan region is highly influenced by extratropical storm systems, and the storm surge associated with these systems is one of the main factors contributing to inundation of coastal areas. This study demonstrates the predictive capability of an established statistical relationship between the “storm maximum” storm surge associated with an extratropical storm system and the “average maximum” significant wave height during that storm. Data from publicly available retrospective forecasts of sea level pressure and wave heights, along with a regression equation for storm surge, were used to predict the storm-maximum storm surge for 41 storms in the New York metropolitan region during the period from February 2005 to December 2008. The statistical storm-surge estimates were compared with the surge values predicted by NOAA’s extratropical storm-surge model and NOAA’s operational surge forecast, which includes an error correction, and with water gauge observations taken at the Battery, located at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, New York. The mean difference between the statistical surge prediction and the observed values is shown to be smaller than the difference between NOAA’s deterministic surge prediction and the observed surge at the 95% significance level and to be statistically indistinguishable from the difference between NOAA’s operational surge forecast and the observed values of surge. These statistical estimates can be used as part of a system for predicting coastal flooding.

scholarly journals Elucidating real-world vehicle emission factors from mobile measurements over a large metropolitan region: a focus on isocyanic acid, hydrogen cyanide, and black carbon

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 16979-17001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumi N. Wren ◽  
John Liggio ◽  
Yuemei Han ◽  
Katherine Hayden ◽  
Gang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Real World ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Isocyanic Acid ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A mobile laboratory equipped with state-of-the-art gaseous and particulate instrumentation was deployed across the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) during two seasons. A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-CIMS) measured isocyanic acid (HNCO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and a high-sensitivity laser-induced incandescence (HS-LII) instrument measured black carbon (BC). Results indicate that on-road vehicles are a clear source of HNCO and HCN and that their impact is more pronounced in the winter, when influences from biomass burning (BB) and secondary photochemistry are weakest. Plume-based and time-based algorithms were developed to calculate fleet-average vehicle emission factors (EFs); the algorithms were found to yield comparable results, depending on the pollutant identity. With respect to literature EFs for benzene, toluene, C2 benzene (sum of m-, p-, and o-xylenes and ethylbenzene), nitrogen oxides, particle number concentration (PN), and black carbon, the calculated EFs were characteristic of a relatively clean vehicle fleet dominated by light-duty vehicles (LDV). Our fleet-average EF for BC (median: 25 mg kgfuel-1; interquartile range, IQR: 10–76 mg kgfuel-1) suggests that overall vehicular emissions of BC have decreased over time. However, the distribution of EFs indicates that a small proportion of high-emitters continue to contribute disproportionately to total BC emissions. We report the first fleet-average EF for HNCO (median: 2.3 mg kgfuel-1, IQR: 1.4–4.2 mg kgfuel-1) and HCN (median: 0.52 mg kgfuel-1, IQR: 0.32–0.88 mg kgfuel-1). The distribution of the estimated EFs provides insight into the real-world variability of HNCO and HCN emissions and constrains the wide range of literature EFs obtained from prior dynamometer studies. The impact of vehicle emissions on urban HNCO levels can be expected to be further enhanced if secondary HNCO formation from vehicle exhaust is considered.

scholarly journals Application of Lidar and other profiling techniques to study the impact that Severe weather hazards have on the New York City built environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Mark Arend ◽  
Mark Campmier ◽  
Aris Fernandez ◽  
Fred Moshary
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Urban Boundary Layer ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Sensing Platforms ◽  
Boundary Layer Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

The complexity of urban boundary layer dynamics poses challenges to those responsible for the design and regulation of buildings and structures in the urban environment. Lidar systems in the New York City Metropolitan region have been used extensively to study urban boundary layer dynamics. These systems, in conjunction with other sensing platforms can provide an observatory to perform research and analysis of turbulent and inclement weather patterns of interest to developers and agencies.

scholarly journals THE ASH WEDNESDAY EAST COAST STORM, MARCH 5-8, 1962 A HINDCAST OF EVENTS, CAUSES, AND EFFECTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Charles L. Bretschneider
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Water Waves ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Time History ◽  
Beach Erosion ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Gust Factors

Hmdcasts were made for winds, waves and tides for several east coast locations for the storm of 5-8 March 1962. A limited amount of recorded data and a considerable amount of other observations were available from near-by and remote stations. The data were analyzed for correlation or "calibration" purposes m order to improve the "state of the art" of wave and storm surge hindcastmg for locations where recorded data were not available. Wind records were analyzed to obtain sustained wind speeds, average gust factors, and probability distribution of gust factors. Isobaric patterns were used to determine sustained wind speeds over the water fetch for deep and shallow water waves and storm surge hmdcasts. Wave run-up calculations were made to determine the wave activity on the beach and the dunes and -were used to estimate the probable rate of beach erosion and dune evolution. The off-water wind speeds were modified to determine wind speeds over the beach and over the top of the dunes. Finally, by summarizing the time-history of the various meteorological, oceanographic, and coastal engineering events, a very interesting scientific and engineering evaluation of the causes and effects can be made.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document